How to Stop Comparing Yourself to Others

The most effective method to Stop Comparing Yourself to Others What amount of your day do you spend fanatically contrasting yourself with your companions or associates? Your closest companion from school gets more cash-flow than you do, despite the fact that she’s been at her particular employment for less time. Your desk area mate consistently gets praised by your chief, despite the fact that you realize she spends a large portion of her workday on Facebook. In the event that you’re a successive player of the examination game, you realize it generally prompts youâ feeling horrendous about yourself. Indeed, everybody on LinkedIn is improving on the stepping stool than you are. What's more, truly, everybody on Instagram is carrying on with their best life. However, did you realize that without the entire story, you truly have no reason for correlation? Here’s how you can make a point to not fall into the snare of unnecessary correlation. Whenever you play the â€Å"here’s why he’s better† game, basically recall these tips, take a full breath, and work on developing yourself instead of holding yourself against incomprehensible standards.1. Understand that examinations don’t tell the entire story.Are you contrasting what you know with be your most noticeably terrible against what you judge to be somebody else’s best? Is it true that you are contrasting your start with somebody else’s center? Your initial profession to their brilliance days? Your entrance level compensation to their 40-year profession? Recollect that examinations require measurements, which are difficult to find in any event, when you aren’t attempting to contrast one type with a totally different type or seeds to trees.2. Comprehend that you’re squandering valuable time.Every hour you spend contrasting yourself with another person is an hour you’re not spending improving, finding out additional, procuring new aptitudes, and pushing ahead. Contrasting yourself with another per son moves your mentality away from where it should be-on you-by putting it elsewhere significantly less gainful. Concentrate on yourself and what you should do to be the place you should be, and removed the remainder of the noise.3. Realize that internet based life isn't your friend.The next time you tumble down an Insta-opening of entirely presented pictures, turn off your gadget (or possibly shut down your application) and power yourself to go through in any event one hour without logging back on. In the event that you go through that hour dealing with a personal growth venture, that’s all the better. Work on building the sort of life you can be glad for. Concentrate on the present, not on what number of â€Å"likes† you jumped on your last post. Accomplish something for yourself or another person that will really matter.4. Turn that grimace upside down.Address whatever negative emotions are hiding in the rear of your mind and attempt to transform them into positives . Utilize your envy and instability to spike you to become quicker and then some. Truth be told, rather than review the individual who’s causing you to feel not exactly as rivalry, you can consider that person as a dream or a motivation to improve. You may even connect with that individual in a mentorship or cerebrum picking capacity!5. Keep your dignity.You have nothing to pick up in correlation circumstances, yet everything to lose your time and vitality, yet your drive, your enthusiasm, your pride, and your nobility. You’re just in charge of one life-your own. Do what you can to make it as well as can be expected be, and don’t become unpleasant and desirous while neglecting to make a big deal about yourself meanwhile.

Strategies to Fight Low-Cost Rivals by Nirmalya Kumar

HP’s rebuilding has contracted Dell’s cost adv from 20% to 10%. Clients have acknowledged included advantages like moment convey, capacity to seeYour customary activity will turn out to be more competitive.Your minimal effort adventure will get more cash-flow that it would have made as a free unit. You can dispense satisfactory assets to the minimal effort unit. Dow Corning’s Xiameter unit †ease supplier of silicone items sells just 350 of Dow’s 7000 contributions, doesn’t tear up the its folks deals. From 28 M misfortune in 2001 to 500 M benefit in 2005 Switch to selling solutionsNo cooperative energies conceivable between existing endeavor and ease unit. Joining of your items and administrations offer one of a kind vale to clients. Australian mining organization Orica †offered explosives to stone quarries. New help laser profiling rock appearances to distinguish best places to penetrate gaps. Become only low client cost providerNo cooper ative energies conceivable between existing endeavor and minimal effort unit. A significant bit of client portion is value delicate. You are happy to secure new business capabilities.RyanairFirms can either assault, exist together precariously or turn out to be minimal effort plays themselves. It is anything but difficult to battle customary opponents because of likenesses in their courses of action and ability however most organizations disregard the dangers from problematic, minimal effort contenders. Coke battles Pepsi, sony with Phillips, avis with Hertz, P$G with Unilever. Amazon with Ebay etc.Businesses that sell at extremely low costs when contrasted with the officeholders may go to liquidation (US Airlines) however the point worth considering is that, they rapidly reappear. They cut passages and cut rushes and in the long run snatch a lump of market. For example Southwest aircrafts, JetBlue, Aldi grocery store in Germany and different parts. The monetary estimations of minim al effort players are not the same as the set up ones. They win littler gross edges yet their plans of action transform those into higher working margins.Higher than avng resource turnover proportion, noteworthy profit for resources, due to returns and high development rates, advertise capitalization is higher than industry pioneers regardless of bigger value base. System for reacting to minimal effort rivals.ASK †will this organization remove my present or future clients? NO †observe yet don’t take on the new opponent. Truly †don’t dispatch cost war, rather attempt and increment item differentiation.ASK †are adequate number of clients ready to pay more for the advantages my item offer? Truly †Intensify separation by offering more advantages and after some time rebuild your organization to decrease the cost of advantages you offer. NO †Learn to live with the littler organization. In the event that conceivable union or take over rivals.ASK †in the event that I set up a minimal effort business, will it produce cooperative energies with my current business? NO †Switch to selling arrangements or change into a minimal effort player. Indeed †Attack your minimal effort rival by setting up an ease business.Low cost players remain ahead in the market since buyer conduct work in support of themselves, new ease participant present stiffer test contrasted with the customary ones. for example †JetBlue’s section is a worry for Southwest.The Futility of Price Wars. In any event, when showcase pioneers duplicate the basic components of the minimal effort rivals’ plans of action, they can't coordinate their costs. for example †Internet reserving for aircrafts doesn’t convey the sort of cost decreases to conventional aircrafts that they never really cost bearers. Cutting costs brings down the benefit for pioneers without driving the minimal effort equals out of market.When Differentiation works: When pioneers acknowledge, they can't win the value war, they pick differentiation.Differentiation draws near: Design cool items. for example †Apple Continually improve. for example †Gillette, 3M Offer an extraordinary item blend. for example †Sharper Image, entire nourishments. Brand a network. for example †Harley Davidson Sell encounters. for example †Starbucks, Nordstrom.Differentiation works when: Smart business don’t utilize this strategies in segregation. Organizations must have the option to convince clients to pay for benefits. Organizations must get cost and advantages line before actualizing it.Dealing with double systems. Organizations should set up ease activities just when the customary ones will get serious subsequently and new business will determine a few advantages that that it would not have appreciated as an autonomous unit. For example †First Direct, ING Direct. Ease specialty unit should utilize a one of a kind brand n ame like HSBC’s First Direct. Auxiliary ought to be housed separately.A two dimensional technique conveys results just when the minimal effort activity is propelled unpalatably to bring in cash and not as an absolutely protective ploy to hurt ease rivals. Eh †Dow Corning’s making of Xiameter.Switching to Conquer If there is no cooperative energy among conventional and ease organizations, there are two different choices to manage the ease rivals. Begin selling arrangements. For example †Orica’s impacting arrangements Convert into minimal effort player. For example †Ryanair.Original Article by NIrmalya Kumar

Fighting Marketing Fatigue

Question: Compose a synopsis on Fighting Marketing Fatigue? Answer: Presentation An article named late research has distributed a diary which incorporates the examination of the a few buyers conduct with respect to advertising. The quantities of the clients are just about 15,000. The time range of the investigation was over multi month. The exploration was made to discover the job of the advertising messages in the event of deals advancement and different realities with respect to the market. All the more especially, this is a review of the promoting messages. The examination shows that in this propelled period of correspondence where email is the most significant thing in the event of the online business the utilization of advertising message is still lower than this mailing system(Ojha et al., 2010). The advertising messages are the primary things in the realm of business. These are the advanced instruments of the correspondence. There are numerous methods of the promoting message. The supervisors are utilized utilize these things to speak with their clients. The fundamental goal of the chiefs is to associate with the clients 24*7 and send them quality messages. The showcasing messages are assumes a vital job in the realm of correspondence. They can utilize the web media or the basic informing or to associate with them straightforwardly. These helps a great deal when the time has come to speak with the everyday citizens (Temple, 2013). Promoting message The all out procedure needs some detail to process this with an extraordinary quality. The primary concerns are talked about underneath Be Concise: the messages need to contain some quality data. This will assist the buyers with getting the precise news or the ideal data. The organizations need to maintain a strategic distance from the garbage from the messages. Customers have their valuable time. They dont need to lose their time behind these things. Along these lines, the supervisors need to make such messages which the fundamental data in them. Be steady: the buyers are having unique proposals from different organizations consistently,. Along these lines, taking a gander at the expanding market the organizations need to attempt to be reliable when they are offering these messages. They need to thump the entryway of the client every day. Concentrate on the client: the organizations need to examine the clients. As indicated by them they need to make the messages. There are different kinds of clients in the market, to reach at them need to make different sorts of messages. The fundamental trouble is the clients keep associated with the clients and they all send them the messages. Some they are furious with the providers that they sends too amny messages and they started to dismiss those messages. From hypothesis to rehearse: 5 standards for overseeing promoting pressure These are five significant components which are referenced are not maintaining a strategic distance from the brilliant principle are exceptionally useful to the advertisers in the event of expanding the absolute deal Individualize the methodology: The advertisers need to think about the individual client commonly. At that point they can drop the message as indicated by the idea of the client. This methodology will assist the merchant with increasing the complete deal (Cope and Kalantzis, 2009). Concentrate on message pertinence: the advertisers need to make such messages which are containing helpful data. The messages ought not convey such messages which are not important. This can draw in more than previously. Increment message volume: if the advertiser feels that there is any data which is missing or which is significant, they can send that message every now and again. Give direction: It is the obligation of the advertisers to recognize the ineptitude of the message and which point is the most important one(Guidance on relative appraisal, 2011). If all else fails, improve: it is common that the clients can't peruse the message or to comprehend the message. At that point the advertisers need to cause them to comprehend the message. The explanation is they are the benefits and they will expand the all out deal. Along these lines, it is significant that they need to peruse the message appropriately and comprehend the entire message. Making a move Legitimate moves need to make to build the deal. The advertisers can keep their record and they can review them as per their presentation. They can utilize various hues to check them as their exhibition like significant one, normal one or at last the poor important one. To cause this enthusiastically they to need to experience each message minutely. The activity plans can be this way: 360-degree perspective on the client: The advertisers need to peruse their client minutely to have a deep understanding of him. As indicated by their investigation they can take appropriate activities. Explanatory and prescient functionalities: The clients need to take the correct information from the clients to know the survey and their experience(Editorial Board, 2012). Consistent reconciliation between client information battle execution: Two sorts of messages can be dropped, the first is practicality and the personalisation. The can send a ton of message with brimming with data. It is an appropriate move to be made. Constant suggestion and personalisation motors: they can utilize those motors which permit the advertisers to think about the requests of the clients. These are valuable instruments. Cross-channel capacities: they need to permit such channels which can follow the clients. In the event that they are in a difficult situation they can help the clients right away. End From the above conversation plainly the utilization of Real-time proposal and personalisation motors is the most significant one and the 360-degree perspective on the client is the most noticeably awful one. the utilization of Real-time suggestion and personalisation motors is the most important one on the grounds that the issue can be sort out inside a second and oral and continuous discussion gives the ideal plan to the client. 360-degree perspective on the client is the most exceedingly terrible one since this takes also time and they dont have that time(Weaver, 2006). References Publication Board.(2012). Urology, 80(2), p.A2. Direction on relative assessment.(2011). EPPO Bulletin, 41(3), pp.256-259. Jacobsen, C. what's more, Lempert, L. (2013). Institutional Disparities: Considerations of Gender in the Commutation Process for Incarcerated Women. Signs, 39(1), pp.265-289. Kinnunen, T., Aapaoja, A. what's more, Haapasalo, H. (2014). Breaking down Internal Stakeholders Salience in Product Development. Innovation and Investment, 05(02), pp.106-115. Ojha, D., Singh, R., Sharma, A. what's more, Shukla, A. (2010).A Model of Anonymous cum Idiosyncratic Machiavellian Mailing System Using Steganographic Scheme.International Journal of Computer Applications, 8(14), pp.1-4. Weaver, C. (2006). 360-Degree Communication and Professionalism Assessment Instrument.MedEdPORTAL Publications. Adapt, B. what's more, Kalantzis, M. (2009). Omnipresent learning. Urbana (Ill.): University of Illinois Press. Sanctuary, M. (2013). The Media and the Message. Diary of Political Marketing, 12(2-3), pp.147-165.

Fats Navarro essays

Fats Navarro papers The story starts in Key West, Florida where Theodore Fats Navarro was conceived of blended Cuban-Black-Chinese parentage on September 24, 1923. His melodic preparing started ahead of schedule with piano exercises at age six, yet he didn't begin paying attention to music until he took up the trumpet at age thirteen. He turned out to be acceptable during his secondary school years. He likewise played tenor saxophone and played quickly with Walter Johnson's band in Miami. Obviously Fats couldn't have cared less much for Key West. He was once cited as saying I didn't care for Key West by any stretch of the imagination. I'll never return. So, in the wake of graduating secondary school, he joined Sol Allbrights' band in Orlando, so Fats headed out with him to Cincinnati, and took further trumpet exercises from an Ohio instructor. He at that point went out and about with Snookum Russell's Indianapolis ensemble. Russell's gathering, a band notable in the region during the 1940s, end up being excellent for Fats. It was where he created, tested, and committed errors that nobody would recollect before going to the national stage. Fats remained with Russell for around two years (1941-42) and turned into their trumpet soloist. Fats worked next with Andy Kirk and his Kansas City Billows of Joy. Here he made a fellowship with trumpeter Howard McGhee. Fats job in the Andy Kirk band clarifies this story retold by Billy Eckstine portraying how Fats moved over to his band. Unsteady Gillespie left my band in Washington, D.C. He advised me to head toward hear Andy Kirk, on the grounds that there was an individual with Kirk named Fats Navarro. 'Take a hear him out,' said Dizzy, 'he's great!' So I went out to the club, and the main thing Fats needed to blow was behind a chorale number. In any case, he was howling behind this number, and I said to myself, 'This is adequate this'll fit.' So I got Fats to stop by and talk it over, and around fourteen days after that he took Dizzy's seat, and take it from me, he came directly in ... Incredible as Diz is ... Fats played his book and you wou ... <!

Bladder Cancer

BLADDER CANCER Bladder disease is the development of threatening cells in the urinary bladder. Most types of bladder malignancy start in the shallow layer of the transitional epithelium, and regularly influence the transitional cells. It might likewise be called transitional cell carcinoma or even urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is likewise a term utilized for transitional cell malignant growth in the renal pelvis, ureters, and urethra. Bladder malignant growth is a moderately normal malady. It is the fourth driving malignant growth among men (following prostate, lung, colorectal diseases), and the tenth driving malignancy among ladies; happening in men around multiple times more regularly than ladies. Like most sorts of malignant growth, bladder disease as a rule includes epithelial cells, for this situation, the transitional epithelium that lines the urinary bladder. Consistent dreary harm to the epithelium makes the develop cells pass on. This invigorates fast replication in the basal layer, and soon new provinces of juvenile cells relocate to the surface. These new cells are handily disturbed by hereditary transformations and may become threatening developments that cause seeping into the bladder. The reasons for bladder malignant growth differ as per clinical history and topographical area. Individuals who have had pelvic radiation for different issues and individuals who have had incessant contaminations, bladder stones, or catheter use are at an expanded hazard for creating bladder malignant growth. In Africa, Asia, and South America, bladder malignant growth is related with a particular parasitic disease, called Schistosoma haematobium. In the United States and mechanical nations, most instances of bladder malignant growth are legitimately identified with increasingly controllable components. The transitional epithelium of the bladder is by all accounts especially helpless to harm from ecological poisons. A few hereditary changes that limit the body’s capacity to hinder tumor development or attack have been connected to bladder malignant growth. These changes are as often as possible activated by presentation to cancer-causing substances. About portion of bladder malignant growth cases are accepted to be identified with cigarette smoking. Other contributing components incorporate presentation to sweet-smelling synthetic compounds utilized in cleaning liquid, hairdressing synthetics, and material and elastic enterprises. The soonest most reliable indication of bladder malignancy is hematuria (blood in the pee). The pee of a bladder malignant growth persistent is regularly recognizably blushed or rust shaded, in spite of the fact that the patient has no specific torment in the beginning times of the sickness. On the off chance that the tumors proceed to develop and attack further layers of the bladder, auxiliary side effects may create. These are the consequence of mechanical weight, including the bladder peevishness (agonizing pee, expanded recurrence of peeing, diminished pee yield) and pressure on the rectum, pelvic lymph hubs, and whatever other structures that might stand out. So as to analyze bladder malignant growth, pee tests might be tried to search for shedding disease cells, and a computerized rectal test (or a pelvic test if the patient is a lady) gives data about tumors. Other indicative strategies incorporate utilizing color to recolor the pee and make the bladder simple to radiograph. Explicit markers for bladder disease have as of late been recognized, however tests to discover them are not yet reliably precise or broadly accessible. Notwithstanding, proceeded with improvement around there show a promising future toward the early identification and treatment of this sickness. The most effective method to treat bladder malignant growth relies upon the phase at determination. Specialists can utilize a little wire circle toward the finish of a cystoscope to evacuate unusual tissue, or another apparatus might be utilized to consume the tumor with extreme heat with power. Increasingly obtrusive medical procedures may evacuate part or the whole bladder, and if indications of pelvic metastasis are available, different tissues also. Pee stream might be directed out of the body through a stoma, or an assortment of medical procedures have been created to shape counterfeit bladders from parts of the enormous or small digestive system. Notwithstanding medical procedure, radiation and chemotherapy might be utilized in the fight against bladder malignant growth. Over 70% of bladder disease analyze are made when the cells influence just shallow layers of tissue. Obviously, this is incredible news in light of the fact that the endurance rate for malignant growths got early is far superior to for diseases trapped in stage three or later. All things considered, bladder disease has an unordinary propensity for developing in a few places without a moment's delay, so in spite of the fact that it might be conceivable to get a couple of tumors, any imperceptible third, fourth, and fifth tumors may not get suggestive for an additional a while. This implies the reoccurrence rate for bladder disease is shockingly high; up to 80% percent of bladder malignant growth patients have at any rate one reoccurrence. The connection between bladder malignancy and cancer-causing substances is one of the most obviously showed interfaces between natural exposures and disease. The uplifting news is the bladder malignant growth is most likely a totally preventable malady, if introduction to the cancer-causing substances is constrained or destroyed. References Bladder Cancer. (2008). Recovered 30 January, 2009, from Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Web website: http://www. mayoclinic. com/wellbeing/bladder-malignant growth/DS00177 General Information about Bladder Cancer. (2008). Recovered 30 January, 2009, from National Cancer Institute Web webpage: http://www. disease. gov/cancertopics/types/bladder Health Information: Bladder Cancer. (2008). Recovered 30 January, 2009, from University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinic Authority Web website: http://applications. uwhealth. organization/wellbeing/adam/hie/1/000486. htm

How capital structure affects cost of capital for UK companies - Free Essay Example

Abstract Firms require a reasonable capital structure to meet the required target. To raise the finance, firms normally choose to review some different factors that are taken into account in considering. In this study, the author will examine the correlation between capital structure and the cost of the capital. As the cost will be a main factor for the firms to raise the finance. And different of capital structure will cause variable cost. This report will review the literature in capital structure and cost of finance. Along with the availability of source of finance, including the matching principle, a famous tools à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“trade-off theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. As well as the argument follows, pecking order theory and agency cost theory. Drawing a conclusion based on the research survey data collection. Justify the relationship in how capital structure affects capital cost. Key word: Capital structure, finance, cost of capital, UK Introduction The term capital structure refers to the mix of different types of funds which a company uses to finance its activities. Capital structure varies greatly from one company to another. For example, some companies are financed mainly by shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ funds whereas others make much greater use of borrowings. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ www.accaglobal.comà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Since the seminal publication of Modigliani and Miller (1958), corporate finance researchers have devoted considerable effort to investigating capital structure decisions (e.g. Myers, 1977 and 1984). Significant progress has been made in understanding the determinants of corporate capital structure with an increased emphasis on financial contracting theory (for example, Barclay and Smith, 1995; Mehran et al., 1999; and Graham et al., 1998 and, for an international view, Rajan and Zingales, 1995). This theory suggests that firm characteristics such as risk and investment opportunity set affect contracting costs. In turn, these costs impact on the choice between alternative forms of finance such as debt and equity, and between different classes of fixed-claim finance such as debt and leasing. The author will examine the relationship between the cost of capital and the structure of capital, and the effect of cost to raise finance in terms of making financial decision in the firms. Literature review 2.1 Theory of capital The origins of capital structure theory lie in the models of optimal capital structure that were developed in the wake of the famous Modiglianià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Miller irrelevance theorem. These models later became to be known as the static trade-off theory (see e.g. Modigliani and Miller, 1958, 1963; Baxter, 1967; Gordon, 1971; Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973; Scott, 1976; Kim, 1978; Vinso, 1979). In this theory, the combination of leverage related costs (associated with e.g. bankruptcy and agency relations) and a tax advantage of debt produces an optimal capital structure at less than a 100% debt financing, as the tax advantage is traded off against the likelihood of incurring the costs. This theoretical result is now widely accepted in the profession. However, in seeking to model the wide diversity of capital structure practice, a number of additional factors have been proposed in the literature. 2.2 Factors that affect capital structure First, the use of debt finance can reduce agency costs between managers and shareholders by increasing the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ share of equity (Jensen and Meekling, 1976) and by reducing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? cash available for managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ personal benefits (Jensen, 1986). Second, Myers and Majluf (1984) argue that, under asymmetric information, equity may be mispriced by the market. If firms finance new projects by issuing more equity, under pricing may cause les profit for existing shareholders in terms of the project NPV. Myers (1984) refers to this as pecking order theory of capital structure. The underinvestment can be reduced by financing the mispriced equity by the market. Internal funds involve no undervaluation and even debt that is not too risky will be preferred to equity. If external finance was required, firms tended first to issue the safest security, debt, and only issued equity as a last resort. Under this model, there is no well-define target mix of debt and equity finance. Each firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Generally, profitable firms will borrow less because they can rely on internal resources and retain earnings. The preference for internal equity implies that firms will use less debt than suggested by the trade-off theory. Other factors that have been invoked to help explain the diversity of capital structures include: management behaviour (Williamson, 1988), firm-stakeholder interaction (Grinblatt and Titman, 1998), and corporate control issues (Harris and Raviv, 1988 and 1991). 2.3 How to finance The conventional discussion on a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choice between long-term and short-term debt has generally focused on three aspects: matching debt maturity with asset life; extending the term-to-maturity of loans to stretch the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debt capacity; and concentrating long-term debt issues in periods of relatively low interest rates. Recent development in the financial research literature has advanced several economics concepts such as transaction and agency costs, tax-timing option, and information asymmetry, to the debt maturity choice paradigm. Brick and Ravid (1985) show that taxes can also imply an optimal debt maturity structure. Depending on the term-structure of interest rates, long-term (short-term) is optimal, since it accelerates the tax benefit of debt given an increasing (decreasing) term structure. When firms cannot reveal the true quality of their cash flows, i.e. when information asymmetry exists, they can prevent or abate undervaluation by using a variety of signalling devices, such as debt (leverage), dividend payments or the maturity structure of debt. Thus, information asymmetry gives firms an incentive to signal their quality and credibility by taking on more debt and shortening their debt maturity. A higher leverage, especially more short-term debt, signals favourable inside information to the market because it offers the possibility to renegotiate terms in the future, when more information has become available. Long-term debt entails higher information costs than short-term debt, because the market expects a stronger deterioration of quality than insiders do. Firms with a low level of information asymmetry are therefore more likely to issue long-term debt (Flannery, 1986). In the study of international capital structures, Rajan and Zingales (1995) argue that it is important to test the robustness of US finds in different environments. They identify as potentially important the cross-country differences in tax and bankruptcy codes, in the market for corporate control and in the historical role played by banks and security markets. Methodology This survey focuses primarily on the determinants of the capital structure policy of firms but also includes some questions on topics that are closely related to the capital structure. For example, the questions address their approximate cost of equity to the managers, how they estimate their cost of equity (with CAPM or other methods), and whether the impact on the weighted average cost of capital is a consideration in their capital structure choice. The survey was developed after a careful review of the capital structure literature pertaining to the U.S. and European countries. For ease of comparability, the author tried to keep the format and design the survey similar to that of Graham and Harvey (2001), but modified or simplified some questions that are likely to be relevant in the UK context. For example, literature suggests that there are strong differences in corporate objectives between American and UK financial systems since the former system focuses on maximizing shareholder wealth while the later emphasizes the welfare of all stakeholder including employees, creditors and even he government. To examine this difference, the author ask the CFOs about the extent to which different stakeholders influence their firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial decisions, the author also ask the firms the percentage of their free float share and whether they have preference or common share. 3.1 Sampling The initial samples for mailing the survey consist of a total of 57 firms from UK. The choice of initial sample was based on selecting firms that are representative of the UK firms, are widely traded, are comparable across country, and are public limited with available information. These criteria are important to justify the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ specific difference. From this sample, 9 firms were deleted because of non-availability of addresses and another 17 firms were deleted because they declined to participate in the survey, leaving a final sample of 31 firms. The survey was anonymous as this was an important criterion to obtain honest responses. In the mailing a letter was included that was addressed to the CFO or CEO explaining the objective of the study and promising to send a copy of the findings to those who wished to receive. A total of 12 responses were received by mail, which represents a response rate about 38 percent. 3.2 Findings: Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Other characteristics Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: 3.3 Summary of findings The respondent firms represent a wide variety of industries with a larger concentration in manufacturing; mining; energy and transportation sector; high technology; and financial sectors. About three forth of firms have a target debt to equity ratios, and about half of these firms maintain a target debt to equity ratios of one. Further, many respondents have a large percentage of their total debt in short term. About 80 percent of respondents report that they calculate their cost of equity, and over 77% of them employ the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate this cost. The estimated cost of equity reported by respondents ranges between 9%-15% only few firms report cost of capital greater than 15% The correlations among the demography variables of this survey are largely as predicted in the literature. These correlations will be discussed in detail in the next section. Analysis Three sets of factors in managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinion that are likely to influence capital structure of firms are selected based on a review of literature. The first set is based on the implications of different capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, the pecking order theory, and the agency cost theory. Generally the managers will make the financial decisions based on theories and through these decisions to affect their cost of capital. The second set relates to the managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ timing of debt or equity issues since literature suggests that managers are concerned about financial flexibility. With evidence support in the findings, most of managers within all industries consider the financial flexibility as the most important issue when raise finance. Finance by short term may give the company advantage in changing their status to meet the changing world environment and provide less risks in investments. Finally, the last set of factors is based on common beliefs among managers about the impact of capital structure changes on financial statements such as the potential impact of equity issue on earnings. This factor shows the important of experience in managers mind and how it will be impact on the decisions. In summary, to analyse a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital structure, we assume that the company is only financed by two ways, either by shareholders equity or borrowings. It is just to consider how cost of capital affect the different proportion of debt in capital structure. Figure 8: Two advantages and two disadvantages of borrowing Advantages Disadvantages 1. Cheap direct cost because debt is less risky to the investor 1. Financial leverage causes shareholders to increase their cost of capital 2. Cheap direct cost because interest is a tax deductible expense. 2. Bankruptcy risks if borrowings are too high. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ www.accaglobal.comà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° The main advantage of borrowing is that the debt has a cheaper direct cost than equity. Debt is less risky to the investor than equity (low risk result a low required return) Interest payments are tax deductable whereas dividends are not. However, borrowing has two distinct disadvantages. Firstly it causes shareholders to suffer increased volatility of earnings. This is known as financial leverage. The increased volatility to shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ returns resulting from financial leverage causes shareholders to demand a higher rate of return in compensation. The second disadvantage of borrowing is that if the company borrows too much, it increases its bankruptcy risks. At reasonable levels of gearing this affect will be imperceptible, but it becomes significant for highly geared companies and results in a range of risks and costs which have the effect of increasing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost of capital. Limitation and Ethical issue The research focus on the UK market and respondents are from different areas of industry. The limitation has been carried out. First will be the time of the research. As a three months research, the data was not examined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“correctà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? enough to support the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point. The data collection should be carrying continually in a long period of time and often reviewed at some certain time. Second, the way of collecting these data is limited by mailing. The survey may not represent the whole market as the limited number of respondents. A research should conduct all the possible methods including quantitative and qualitative. Finally, as this is not a professional research, lots of objectives in the research declined to give feedback in judging their financial structure in the case some of this could be their classified information. The ethical issue has been raised in this research; this will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“honestyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the feedbacks from the respondents. As this survey is anonymous research, the managers may not give the right information in case of rising threats in competition. The importance of financial structure in firms causes the mangers to think before they actually answer the questions. The privacy issue in their mind raised that they may not want to share all the information regarding to the financial statement. Conclusion The purpose of this article is to supplement the existing literature with an analysis of the factors determining the financial structure affecting the cost of capital. The analyses give rise to the following conclusions. The study presents a dynamic model to address the possibility of adjustment costs incurred in reaching an optimal capital structure. And examine the literature in the factors in capital structure in affecting the cost of financing a firm through the facts in reality. The conclusion can be drawn as the cost of capital is a key factor that firms taken into account when raise finance along with the financial flexibility. On the other hand, the capital structure of a firm will affect the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost in both short term and long term. The firms raise the finance to meet the required target, there is no such a way to limit firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial structure. They may want to choose a short term loan to meet flexibility of cash flow, in the contrast; the long term finance may require more information and satisfaction of the firms. The cost of capital depends on how firms finance their capital structure. Reference and bibliography Barclay, M.J. and C.W. Smith (1995), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Priority Structure of Corporate Liabilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, No. 3 (July) Baxter, N. D. (1967) Leverage, the Risk of Ruin and the Cost of Capital, Journal of Finance, 22 Brick, I. and Ravid, A. (1985) On the relevance of debt maturity structure, Journal of Finance, 40 Flannery, M. (1986) Asymmetric information and risky debt maturity choice, Journal of Finance, 41 Gordon, M. (1971) Towards a theory of financial distress, Journal of Finance, 26 Graham, J.R., M.L. Lemmon and J.S. Schallheim (1998), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Debt, Leases, Taxes and The Endogeneity of Corporate Tax Statusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Finance, Vol. 53, No. 1 (February) Graham, J.R. and C.R. Harvey (2001), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the Fieldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 60, Nos. 2/3 (May) Grinblatt, M. and S. Titman (1998), Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy (Irwin/McGraw- Hill, USA) Harris, M. and A. Raviv (1988), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate Control Contests and Capital Structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20 Harris, M. and A. Raviv (1991), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Theory of Capital Structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Finance, Vol. 46, No. 1 (March) Jensen, M.C. (1986), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and Takeoversà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, American Economic Review, Vol. 76, No. 2, Jensen, M.C. and W. Meckling (1976), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs, and Capital Structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4 Kim, E. (1978) A mean-variance theory of optimal capital structure and corporate debt capacity, Journal of Finance, 23 Kraus, A. and Litzenberger, R. (1973) State preference model of optimal leverage, Journal of Finance, 28 Mehran, H., R.A. Taggart and D. Yermack (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CEO Ownership, Leasing and Debt Financingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Management, Vol. 28, No. 2 Modigliani, F.F. and M.H. Miller (1958), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 3 (June) Myers, S.C. (1977), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Determinants of Corporate Borrowingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 5, No. 2 (November) Myers, S.C. (1984), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Capital Structure Puzzleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, No. 3 (July) Myers, S. and Majluf, N. (1984) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Financial Economics, 13, Rajan, R.G. and L. Zingales (1995), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What Do We Know About Capital Structure Choice? Some Evidence from International Dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, No. 5 Scott, J. (1976) A theory of optimal capital structure, Bell Journal of Economics, 7 Vinso, J. (1979) A determination of the risk of ruin, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 14 Williamson, O.E. (1988), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate Finance and Corporate Governanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Finance, Vol. 43, No. 3 (July) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Advantage and disadvantage of borrowingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, available on website www.accaglobal.com, access on 28.04.2010

The Honest to Goodness Truth on College Essay Free Samples

The Honest to Goodness Truth on College Essay Free Samples Using College Essay Free Samples You will receive assistance from the ideal project maker in Nz to make sure the class of an assignment. You're able to approach the very best custom essay writing service and ask the authorities that will help you. Order your authentic assignment from and you'll be surprised at how simple it is to finish an excellent custom paper within the shortest time possible! Your cheap customized college paper on the a jawk w is going to be written from scratch, which means you don't need to be concerned about its originality. Understanding College Essay Free Samples When you can to be able to develop a technique that most fits you on paper the ideal essay, it will pay out dividends soon after inside of your program. The very first thing with respect to the essay is that it is a literary get the task done that's indefinable in nature. For this reason, you could be able to evaluate your task with a few other samples that concern your topic, discover an efficient means to change your cardstock to make certain that it won't be considered plagiarized aside from stop all improper vital phrases and slipups from the traditional paper. Therefore, you might you can be certain your term paper support will be shown with a guru. The College Essay Free Samples Game Benefits of Online essay Writing Services Essay writing is an ambitious undertaking for the majority of the students today. Essays are rather problematic for several university students. Making a college essay is not going to be easy for some people. Higher education essay issues certainly are a headache for plenty of college students because of the fact numerous struggle to make an essay that will fit the needs of the professors. Choosing university essay topics might be the prerogative but you need to be sure you choose a distinctive subject of interest. As you buy essays it's possible to offer exceptional specifics of your expectations. An extraordinary essay is a great illustration expressing your comprehension capabilities. Also bear in mind that lots of colleges and professional programs provide websites addressing the personal statement. The college or university program program technique sometimes happens on the right time of every year. Many students don't keep the coherency in the content. The majority of the students aren't familiarized with that style. What's more, the number of essays that needs to be composed from the other side of the period of a semester is thin air beside the amount of fingers a typical consumer has. Keep in mind, you're the one best equipped to judge how accurately you're representing yourself. All terms must be proven and provide you with value. If you need an example written by means of a student check out our vast group of completely free student models. There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. It is possible to ask our experts to gather the essential information, also. If you've already graduated from college or university and are trying to find a very good job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. One needs to have knowledge to be able to pursue. On the internet you'll discover a great quantity of essay trial samples on range of topics. You can also get in touch with your writer to supply some additional recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Thus, don't waste time and produce an order immediately to get the greatest grades for any assignment you should write. A range of the work is merely an essential issue. Whatever They Told You About College Essay Free Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Maybe you just are not able to find enough literature to back up your essay. Examine and modify your essay until you're pleased by it. Essays are your very best friend. An essay has a specific structure. Viewing a Sample essay and considering the matter of plagiarism is extremely important. Your thesis is the principal point of your essay. Thesis statement is easily the most important portion of an essay. A terrific composing bit on-line essay editor might have easy and little sentences with small phrases. It is essential that the essay writing service has to be an ideal firm. You could purchase essay on the internet research paper writing service reviews once you really need allow whenever and prevent the discouragement. Producing a college essay won't ever be an effortless endeavor for a bit of.

Media s Goals For The Future - 977 Words

Throughout history, humans have possessed an intrinsic desire to communicate with one another. Traditionally, communication occurred in the form of face-to-face contact, body language, or via written messages sent from one to another. However, the invention of one particular form of communication, mass communication, has changed the way some messages are sent and received. Mass communication is defined as, â€Å"the industrialized production and multiple distribution of messages through technological devices,† and has allowed for the rise of mass media outlets, or â€Å"companies that send out messages via mass media† (1). One such outlet is 21st Century Fox, a global media organization involved in the production and distribution of media content across a variety of platforms (2). Throughout this paper, several key aspects of Fox will be analyzed in depth, including the company’s goals for the future, plan to overcome obstacles to achieve these goals, and impacts that achieving these goals will have on consumers. 21st Century Fox has a clear and concise vision for the future of their company. Their main goal, is to reach as wide and as diverse of an audience as possible, in order to maximize their viewership, and thus, profits for shareholders (3). Over the past year, the company has greatly increased the variety of content available to their existing consumers by investing in new media, including films such as The Fault in our Stars, X Men: Days of Future Past, and The GrandShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On Social Media1433 Words   |  6 Pagesworld of media has been a tradition and a necessity for me since I was a young girl. Television channels like Nickelodeon, Disney, and MTV have become popular and innovative television channels that consistently develops creative and interactive ways to consume media messages. By watching broadcasting programs and television series, I learn something new or valuable that I can then impress upon to someone else. This connectivity and deeper underst anding I have to television production and media haveRead MoreDigital Media And Its Effects On Today s Age Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pagescommunicate in today s age is through digital media. When reaching out to the masses digital media is both fast and convenient as it allows us to reach out to millions of people in a matter of seconds. Large multi-million dollar corporations use digital media to reach out to an individual on the subways of New York City or someone who is on a fishing trip in the deep woods of North Carolina. In recent years, the United States Military has undertaken corporate digital media strategies in order toRead MoreBaseball Is A Grueling Sport Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesThrough interviewing Sue Jo, MLB Social Media coordinator for the Los Angeles Dodgers, it was evident that she has a very similar schedule as the players. She doesn’t travel with the team but she works the away games from home, she gets to the ballpark early and stays late. In t he following pages I’ll discuss the role of a MLB team assigned social media coordinator, the structure of the Dodgers organization and it’s relation to MLB, as well as Jo’s career goals and advice for anyone trying to breakRead MoreThe Years Annual Earnings1245 Words   |  5 PagesAs the company s fiscal year comes to a close, I am pleased to announce this year s annual earnings. After another amazing year, Edge of Your Seat Entertainment reported a 9% gain in its film production segment. This increase was attributed to our expanding relationship in association with Focus Films, Lions Gate and After Dark Films in the launching of our latest blockbuster film Don t Turn off the Light!† Theatrical revenue generated from its October release grossed $36 Million domesticallyRead MoreSocial Media Marketing For Marketing Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING TIPS FOR SMALL BUSINESS- A GOOD WAY TO START LOCAL WORK Using social media for marketing can enable small business looking to further their reach to more customers. Your customers are interacting with brands through social media; therefore, having a strong social media presence on the web is the key to tap into their interest. If implemented correctly, marketing with social media can bring remarkable success to your business. What is Social Media Marketing? Social media marketingRead MoreReasons For Trust Or Distrust Universities1647 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelop their morals and virtues. Steven Pinker is a professor at Harvard University. Pinker is an author of many books. In his article â€Å"Mind Over Mass Media,† he discuss the positive and negative effects of mass media in humans. Both of the authors are explaining about the ethical transformations in students and other humans due to the impact from media and the environment they live in. Both of the authors want students to use their skills and abilities to reach success, not through shortcuts like cheatingRead MorePublic Relations And Means Of Communication Plans Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesHey bottle. You know how to set goals and objectives, and more effectively plan their communication activities. Communication creates many advantages to setting goals and objectives. It conveys to others that plan, it helps to improve communication between individuals, and it is necessary to quantify the resources and produces measurable results, people say they hope. These days, you can prove the value of their PR work through their actions have set measurable goals. Objectives: - they mark the endRead MoreSocial Media And Local Media1112 Words   |  5 Pagescampaign in the beginning of June till the end of September in 2017. Our main goal is to reach 1000 millennials in the Fort Worth area in those four months. †¢ We’re going to be doing a lot of advertisements throughout radio broadcasting, local news in the DFW area, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. †¢ Our goal is use social media and local media to captivate people attention to our fundraiser. We are also using these types of media because they are a daily use to most people and is a useful and time effectiveRead MoreAn Efficient Balance Between Advertising And Advertising1633 Words   |  7 PagesGoals Marketing Reach as many potential customers as possible by finding an efficient balance between advertising and its media types as well as PR and its media types. S: Reach out to as many customers as possible by balancing the budget for overall promotion as well as advertising and PR separately based on the sensitivity for each type of bike. M: Awareness will be equal to or greater than 0.25, 0.30, and 0.10 for the mountain, youth, and road bike, respectively. PR will be greater thanRead MoreWhy Do Some People Pay Attention?1346 Words   |  6 Pagessame gender, and boys, vice versa. Models who are competent--perceived to have power and prestige--are also more likely to be imitated. Movie stars and athletes, as a result, often find their behavior and appearance imitated. Finally, when the model s behavior is relevant to the observer, the model is more likely to be imitated. Characteristics of the observer can also influence the process. Social learning theory draws heavily on the concept of modeling, or learning by observing a behavior. Bandura

What Is a Tidal Pool

A tidal pool, also commonly called a tide pool or rock pool is water left behind when the ocean recedes at low tide. Tidal pools can be large or small, deep or shallow.   Where Are Tide Pools? Youll find tidal pools in the intertidal zone, where land and sea meet. These pools usually form where there are areas of hard rock, and parts of the rock have eroded away to form depressions in the rock. At high tide, ocean water collects in these depressions. As the water recedes at low tide, the tide pool temporarily forms.   What Is in a Tide Pool? Kelly Mooney/Getty Images There are many marine species found in tide pools, from plants to animals. Animals Although vertebrates such as fish occasionally inhabit a tide pool, the animal life is almost always composed of invertebrates. Invertebrates found in tide pools include: Gastropods such as periwinkles, whelks, and nudibranchsBivalves such as musselsCrustaceans such as barnacles, crabs, and lobstersEchinoderms such as sea stars and sea urchins. Seabirds also frequent tide pools, where they wade or dive for prey.   Plants Tide pool plants and plant-like organisms are important for food and shelter in a tide pool. Coralline algae may be found encrusting over rocks and the shells of an organism such as snails and crabs.  Sea palms and kelps may anchor themselves to bivalves or rocks.  Wracks, sea lettuce, and Irish moss form a colorful display of algae. Challenges of Living in a Tide Pool Animals in a tide pool must deal with changing moisture,  temperatures and water salinity. Most also can face rough waves and high winds. Thus, tide pool animals have many adaptations to help them survive in this challenging environment. Adaptations of tide pool animals may include: Shells - animals such as snails, barnacles and mussels have strong shells, crabs, lobsters, and shrimp have hard exoskeletons. These structures protect these animals from predators and help keep their bodies moist in dry conditions.Clinging to rocks or to each other - Sea urchins and sea stars cling to rocks or seaweeds with their tube feet. This keeps them from being washed away as the tide goes out.  Some animals, like barnacles and periwinkles cluster together, which provides greater protection from the elements.Hiding or Camouflage - Sea urchins can camouflage themselves by attaching rocks or weeds to their spines. Crabs bury nearly their whole body in the sand. Many nudibranchs blend in well with their surroundings. Sometimes, octopuses are found in tide pools and they can change color to camouflage themselves. Advantages of Living in a Tide Pool Amanda Nicholls/Stocktrek Images​/Getty Images  Ã‚   Some animals live their entire lives in one tide pool because tide pools are full of life.  Many of the animals are invertebrates, but there are also marine algae, which provide food and shelter, plankton in the water column, and fresh nutrients delivered regularly by the tides.  There are also plenty of opportunities for shelter for animals such as sea urchins, crabs, and baby lobsters, who hide in seaweeds, under rocks, and burrow in sand and gravel. Don't Remove Them From Their Home Tide pool animals are hardy, but they wont survive for long in a beach pail or your bathtub. They need fresh oxygen and water, and many depend on tiny organisms in the water to feed upon.  So, when you visit a tide pool, quietly observe what you see. The quieter and calmer you are, the more likely you will be to see more marine life. You can pick up rocks and view the animals underneath, but always put the rocks back gently. If you pick the animals up, put them back where you found them. Many of these animals live in a small, very specific area. Tide Pool Used in a Sentence He explored the tidal pool and found sea urchins, starfish, and crabs. References and Further Information Coulombe, D.A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster: New York.Denny, M.W., and S.D. Gaines. 2007. Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press: Berkeley.Gulf of Maine Research Institute. Tidepool: Window into the Sea. Accessed February 28, 2016.

Cuba economic issues - 1248 Words

INTRUDUCTION: In economics, the term currency can refer either to a particular currency, for example the BD, or to the coins and banknotes of a particular currency, which comprise the physical aspects of a nations money supply. The other part of a nations money supply consists of money deposited in banks, ownership of which can be transferred by means of cheques or other forms of money transfer. Deposit money and currency are money in the sense that both are acceptable as a means of exchange, but money need not necessarily be currency. Historically, money in the form of currency has predominated. Usually (gold or silver) coins of intrinsic value commensurate with the monetary unit (commodity money), have been the norm. By contrast,†¦show more content†¦However as coca production began to increase in the latter half of the decade , GDP growth slowed and unemployment increases . It is estimate that the illegal drug sector employs 6.7 per cent of agricultural workers while the main legal crop , coffee employs 12 per cent . Although there may be short term wage gains for individual peasants , in the long run there are negative consequences since farmers have minimal incentives to work towards a modern competitive agricultural sector. Illegal drug trade has serious consequences for the Colombian economy , particularly in terms of the macro economy. Macroeconomics imbalances resulted from an overvalued peso and influx foreign exchange . the larg influx of foreign exchange resulted in phenomena known as Dutch Disease ( it is when the demand for an exported resources increase dramatically , resulting in an overvalued currency then other exports are made less competitive in the world market and foreign imports are more competitive domestically , this can cause a deindustrialization of the domestic economy) , and may have precipitated in the economic crisis of the late 1990s. 3- inflation rate and monetary policy : Even though Colombia was able to avoid the hyperinflation characterstics of argentina and brazil in the 1980s, persistent annual increases in the consumer price index of 20 to 25 percent had been evident since the mid 1970s. Higher coffee revenues in the 1970s caused rapid increase in theShow MoreRelatedAmericas Cuban Conundrum1248 Words   |  5 PagesAmericas Cuban Conundrum: One of the most controversial and widely debatable issues that have been discussed extensively in international legislation for several decades is the Helms-Burton Act. The main controversy surrounding the Helms-Burton Act is the resistance from the Cuban government regarding the features of the legislation. The resistance is a clear demonstration of the legality of property claims despite of the passage of time. Throughout history, rarely has an initiative by the AmericanRead MoreA Brief Biography of Fidel Castro1316 Words   |  5 PagesHis full name is Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz and he was born on August 13, 1926 in a Birà  n, Cuba. Castro’s parents are Angel Castro(father) and Lina Ruz(mother). His father was a wealth landowner while his mother was a cook and maid to Angel. Castro was the third of six children in his family. His parents sent Fidel to a Jesuit boarding school where he was disciplined and showed the true potential of his intellect. While in boarding school , he also showed a much bigger interest in sports rather thanRead MoreThe Extent of Fidel Castros Achievement of His Aims Between 1959 and 19791459 Words   |  6 Pagesachieving more? During Fulgencio Batista’s reign in Cuba, Fidel Castro had insistently professed his dissatisfaction with the government, and when he finally took over in 1959, he effected a government that formed the basis from which the criticism of many historians today derives. To a minimal extent, Fidel Castro was able to achieve his aims between 1959 and 1979. Revealed in the 26th of July Movement’s doctrine, Castro’s goals called for Cuba to become fully independent and purely democratic whileRead MoreCub A Communist State Led By Raul Castro849 Words   |  4 PagesCuba is geographical located among the Caribbean islands , it is surrounded by many small Island groups , it is largest among them . It is surrounded by the busiest sea commerce route in the Atlantic. Cuba was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 15 th century from the Old world. Since then it was ruled by Spanish, and it won the freedom in 1902.Since the Island nation is in the cross roads of seafarers it is inhibited by multi ethnic people ranging from the nativeRead MoreCuba s Current Gross National Income Per Person Of $ 5890 ( Talley )1433 Words   |  6 PagesJason Lee Captain Czak History 300 21 October 2016 Cuba Cuba’s current gross national income per person of $5,890 (Talley), enormous debt, and other poor economic conditions can be explained by events tracing back post-World War II in 1945. The island of Cuba was inhabited by different Mesoamerican cultures but introduced to European cultures in 1492 with the arrival of Christopher Columbus. Spain began to colonize Cuba among other Caribbean islands in the 16th century and utilized the island asRead MoreThe Migration Policy Between America And Cuba929 Words   |  4 Pages Newspaper article reflection Summary In this article, the author Nick mainly addresses the issue of the migration policy between America and Cuba. President Obama recently resumed the diplomatic relations with Cuba, which has led to a surging number of Cuban immigration, especially the illegal immigrants, to the United States, because many Cubans feel afraid that their long-standing immigration privileges as political refugees will no longer exist. Beginning in 1966, the Cuban AdjustmentRead MoreCuban-Russian Relations1710 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship dating back to before Fidel Castro’s installment into power, Russia and Cuba have both played major roles in the development and regression of each other’s economies and societies. The first official diplomatic relationship between the Soviet Union and Cuba began developing during World War II, in 1943. With the establishment of the first Soviet embassy by Maxim Litvinov, stationed in Havana, Cuba; this was after Cuba gained its independence from the United States in 1902 and the Russian RevolutionRead MoreShould the United States Lift the Embargo on Cuba? Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican international relations with Cuba have almost always been tense. The cold war solidified the growing negative relations, and the embargo embodied it. But now that the cold war is over, as is the Cuban missile crisis, we’re left to wonder if the embargo is really necessary. Should the United States lift the embargo of Cuba? All of the evidence, be it economic, diplomatic, or social, points to yes. We should lift the embargo. The United States embargo of Cuba has its roots planted in 1960, 53Read MoreCulture, Core Values, And Cultural Awareness Of Cuba926 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Awareness of Cuba Culture embodies a myriad of concepts that include customs, behaviors, core values, and beliefs which support a specific population within a community or country. Culture is a well-defined set of principles and beliefs which are strengthened by the people who represent these ideals. Each culture has its own unique and distinctive principles and engages its members as part of a group whose key ideals are aligned with its beliefs and practices. Each culture demonstratesRead MoreHow the Cuba Policy Affected trade with the U.S. Today Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesHow the Cuba Policy Affected trade with the U.S. Today The Cuba Policy came into effect to end all relations between the United States and Cuba. The U.S. policy toward Cuba is controlled by the embargo, which contains economic agreements and restrictions on travel to Cuba. The effect of this policy is to minimize commercial, political and resident relations between the United States and Cuba. The State Department indicated that the purpose of the embargo was to have a nonviolent transition to a

The Minister s Black Veil - 1958 Words

The Minister s Black Veil Every individual commits sin but only the ones who are truly God-fearing and brave accept and pay the consequences of his or her actions. In some situations, when a person does own up to his or her sin and suffers the punishment for it, instead of being forgiven, the surrounding society will loathe him or her. In the years back, Puritans expected their ministers to be of the holiest human beings. A minister was envisioned to be someone who does not commit sin as often as ordinary people do and is an individual who is supposed to be everyone’s guide in becoming closer to God.If a minister acts peculiar and is therefore suspected of doing something disgraceful or unholy, the society may then resent him. In the Minister’s Black Veil, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Reverend Hooper’s alienation represented through the black veil, illustrates how the society surrounding him was judgemental, insensitive, and hypocritical. Nathaniel Hawthorne has encountered many challenges throughout his lifetime. He was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. When he was only at the age of 4, he lost his father and â€Å"A leg injury at an early age left Nathaniel immobile for several months† (Biography.com).With the aid of his wealthy relatives, he was given the opportunity to attend Bowdoin College. After some time in college, he greatly missed his mother and sisters and so he returned home and started to write. He then married Sophia Peabody and had three children.Show MoreRelatedThe Minister s Black Veil1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Story The Minister’s Black Veil is very interesting in many different ways, it catches the reader s attention. It uses American Romanticism, that is an interesting thing to use in a story to catch the reader s attention. What that is, is to elevate the imagination over reason. today Edgar Allen Poe remains popular for his hunting poems and suspenseful stories. Am erican Romantic writers differ than the European romanticism writers. Declaration of Independence used a lot of American romanticismRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Story The Minister s Black Veil is very interesting in many different ways, it catches the reader s attention. It uses American Romanticism, that is an interesting thing to use in a story to catch the reader s attention. What that is, is to elevate the imagination over reason. today Edgar Allen Poe remains popular for his hunting poems and suspenseful stories. American Romantic writers differ than the European romanticism writers. Declaration of Independence used a lot of American romanticismRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe captivating short story The Minister’s Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne focuses on the idea of Secret Sin with the use of the analogy within Parson Hooper’s Black veil. This short story began with Mr.Hooper walking into his puritan church, known as Milford, having a black veil over his eyes. With a perplexed audience, Mr. Hooper gives a powerful sermon about the idea of secret sin. Mr. Hooper states how everyone has a secret sin that people aren’t aware of but this secret sin is only visibleRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Minister s Black veil is a Romanticism. A romanticism is a movement in the art which sprung during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.Romantic is used to describe literature. It is defined as a depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form. As well as the imagination and emotion and the freedom embraced are all focus points of romanticism. Characteristics Of this literature piece would include subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism. Solitary life rather than life in society. TheRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1775 Words   |  8 PagesThe Minister s Black Veil No one is perfect because everyone commits sin. However, there are people in the world who develop hatred towards others for committing mistakes when they themselves have done wrong. In the Puritan society many years ago, Puritans expected their minister to be a very holy human being. A minister was envisioned to be someone who will be a guiding hand for people who have lost their way and who will stand as a role model for others to look up to. If a minister was suspectedRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1771 Words   |  8 Pages 1. Intro/Thesis statement: Mr. Hawthorne’s works of fiction â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and THE SCARLET LETTER contributed discussion amongst people. It planted questions in our heads about what humanities’ sinful nature means and how it is perceived. These literature pieces are all connected because of their theme being about secret sin. This is because we all yearn for things that are wrong, that could even be considered immoral. People don’t read these literature piecesRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1391 Words   |  6 Pageswell as awe. In, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the emotions of horror, terror, and awe are drawn upon throughout the story, which follows the events and reactions of the citizens of a village after their resident minister suddenly starts to wear a black veil, which invokes discomfort and fear into the people. As with many of his stories, Ha wthorne developed â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† around a symbol, which in this case is the veil. The veil represents that even the people thatRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1654 Words   |  7 Pagesstory titled â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil.† This story takes place in the town of Milford, just southwest of Boston, at a church on the Sabbath day. The parson of the church, Reverend Hooper, leaves his house and walks toward the porch of the meeting house wearing a black veil that conceals his entire face except for his mouth and chin. The entire congregation is immediately in a stir, astonished and appalled by this mysterious veil. Nobody knows why Hooper has this veil on his face or what it meansRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1128 Words   |  5 PagesIn the story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† American Romanticism characteristics are very typical in this story in many different ways. What is American Romanticism you make ask? Well, American Romanticism is â€Å"a movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that marked the reaction in literature, philosophy, art, religion, and politics from the neoclassicism and formal orthodoxy of the preceding period.† An example from the story of American Romanticism is, â€Å"And when she suggests that membersRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Minister’s Black Veil The Minister’s Black Veil is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1836. In this short story, Minister Mr. Hooper shows up one day at church wearing a black veil on his face. This black veil covers his face except his mouth and chin. The people of the town Milford begin to speculate on why Mr. Hooper wears this veil, whether he has been inflicted by an illness or if he is hiding a secret. When he refuses to remove the veil or tell the townspeople why he wears

Discuss the Impact of Information and Communication free essay sample

Therefore one needs to read intensively and extensively in order to address a specific topic or assignment. In this regard, we now look at how far rather to what extent has the emergence and use of Information and Communication Technology affected academic writing among the academia. The rapid increased in the use of computers, the Internet, electronic resources, databases and the World Wide Web in all aspects of human activities including the most important education and information processing and retrieval has become a very promising and vital component of the enabling structure for libraries and users at large.Information Communication Technology is basically an electronic based system of information transmission, reception, processing and retrieval, which has drastically changed the way we think, the way we live and the environment in which we live. Sits are increasingly playing an important role in organizations and in societys ability to produce, access, adapt and apply informa tion. They are being heralded as the tools for the post-industrial age, and the foundations for a knowledge economy, due to their ability to facilitate the transfer and acquisition of knowledge (L. A. Gondola 2005).It must be pointed out however that Education is a very socially oriented activity and quality education has traditionally been associated with strong teachers having high degrees of personal contact with learners. The use of CIT in education lends itself to more student-centered learning settings and often this creates some tensions for some teachers and students. But with the world moving rapidly into digital media and information, the role of CIT in education is becoming more and more important and this importance will continue to grow and develop in the 21 SST century.In many respects the work of academics has been facilitated by Information and Communication Technology (CIT). First, not only is the information available increasing, it is also much easier to access it (literally from the researchers desk). Michael Ninetieth 2001 ) He further wrote that the COED report comes to the conclusion that CIT has increased researchers ability to access information by supplying them with increasingly powerful tools at decreasing cost, thus enabling new ways of working and has, (o)n the whole, significantly improved the efficiency of information-based work. (COED 1998, 1999) With regard to the way the new information space is structured, Hitchcock et al. (1997, 2) point at the convenience of electronic links which can be followed in an instant and will prove to be orders of magnitude more productive for the seer than hyperlinks in print. In particular in the text-oriented disciplines, the availability of full-text resources is highly appreciated. Second, E-mail and other CIT tools certainly enhanced the efficiency in contacting people, in particular among groups of researchers, but also in establishing first-time contacts or in renewing relationships.In particular, the asynchrony of E-mail has p roven to be very advantageous if compared to the telephone. At this point, there are certainly a number of problems, e. G. Network reliability, stability of the computer hard- and software, incompatibilities between efferent file formats, all of which lead to frustrating additional work, etc. In an optimistic view, however, these problems should soon vanish. Emitter predicts that as soon as media discontinuities are eliminated, academic work will be more efficient and lead to important competitive advantages (1 996, 76, translation MN; skeptical Leslies 1996).There is, however, not only a pessimistic view with regard to the prospect of compatible and stable soft- and hardware, but also principled opposition to the view that CIT use leads to more efficiency. First, Hutchins argues that the use of the physical setting in which work occurs is a key to successful co-ordination of joint intellectual activity (1 995, quoted by Pinhole et al. 1997, 33). Hence (c)hanging the circumstances may undermine the effectiveness of the collaborative process by introducing new demands that result from loss of physical setting. (ibid. ) While under normal conditions, tacitly shared information would be taken for granted, the need to communicate this in a cyber- environment respectively the loss of these tacit cues may mean that collaborators users are at greater risk of losing common ground (ibid. ) and once be less efficient due to misunderstandings and the need for extra time of communication. Second, the considerable increase in information available at each scientists desk may also be overwhelming. While it seems reasonable to argue, as we will do below (2. ), that more comprehensive input might lead to at least different, perhaps even better results, there is also the filtering or selection problem. FRRÂ ¶Welch (1996, 10) argues that the effects of data banks and computer networks will entail not an unburdening but rather a further intensification of the flood of (redundant) information (and thereby an increase in information frustration), not least of all due to the greater visibility of the information flood. For sure, there will be technological fixes to the problem in the future, e. G. Newborns or intelligent databases, but even the configuring and managing of these tools will cost time. Furthermore, too much inter-linked information may also lead to distraction (surfing around). This is not to say that distraction and browsing may not lead to new and surprising insights, but it seems fair to say that there is a certain tendency of the new medium to seduce to inefficient time management. Rosenthal (1998) writes that we are already running in too much duplication: hyperlinks now take one in circle; hours spent in front of screens; . I would be first to admit that my research, teaching and professional (not to mention personal) communication has been revolutionized in the past two-three years, but I would suggest that there is a danger of it taking over completely The danger is that we may soon reach saturation point. Third, we have to acknowledge technology-related costs, e. G. The time spend on learning how to master the technology. Unfortunately, it seems, that this is not at all a one- mime-investment, but a continuous process with no ending as soft- and hardware keeps changing at short intervals.Fourth, much of the work that was outsourced in the days of the old typewriter, in particular the formatting of articles, is now increasingly done by the scientists themselves and not by the publishing houses any more. There may be a number of academics who do this quickly and easily in their intellectual wait loops, but others seem to spend quite considerable time on this new and demanding task, thus having less res ources for the genuine intellectual work. In general economic theory, t is all but clear whether information technology enhances productivity (Service et al. 999, 127 Of online manuscript). The empirical study carried out by Rimier (1996) seems to confirm this conclusion for academic work, too: The electronic version was used for a significantly longer period of time than the printed version, but also that utilization was less systematic. The choice of medium had little influence on the ability to reproduce the contents correctly. Thus, the popular belief that electronic information systems, in particular hypertext, are generally more efficient was not confirmed.In a study on the impact of automated library services and usage on students academic performance in Nigerian universities conducted by Ongoing Blessing Assai -? jubbah, where students academic performance were examined with regard to use of automated electronic information services, the following were some the outcomes of the research: * Having pre university compu ter literacy did not account for better academic performance * Students who made use Of automated library serves were better exposed to academic materials and performed academically better than those who did not make use of the services of tan automated library.The same research revealed that the majority of the users agreed that there is a significant relationship between educational academic exposures with the use of the automated library services, and they were satisfied with these automated electronic library services. However, the major constraints identified by the respondents were slow internet speed, access and automated library facilities are not up and running at all times to meet the varied time students prefer to browse the internet.The research recommended institutions to enlarge their internet bandwidth and make it available anytime of the day or night when the students are free to make use of it. According Margaret Honey et al each technology is likely to play a different role in students learning. Rather than trying to describe the impact of all technologies as if they were the same, researchers need to think about what kind of technologies are being used in the classroom and for what purposes.Two general distinctions can be made. Students can learn from computers-?where technology used essentially as tutors and serves to increase students basic skills and knowledge; and can learn with amputees-?where technology is used a tool that can be applied to a variety of goals in the learning p rocess and can serve as a resource to help develop higher order thinking, creativity and research skills.Information and Communications Technology has thus influenced significantly the quality and accessibility of academic materials for virtually any discipline due to the existence of electronic libraries on the internet. Scholars are therefore able to interact, research and communicate with minimal or no cost at all on various subjects of interest.Let us take for instance distance education learning aerogramme, students are able to interact with both their colleagues and instructors or tutors with ease and manage to get the quality education which otherwise would require huge sums Of money and resources to acquire and achieve. The immense and readily available literature on the World Wide Web (internet) makes it easier for both instructor or tutors and the students themselves to contrast and compare with others that are better placed in acquiring skills on how to write quality and standard academic papers.Notably, in general the malleable nature of electronic text has made the hysterical process of composing more elastic in that writers are quicker to commit thought to writing and to reorganize content because it is easier to make changes on the electronic screen (Abdullah, Meridian Haiti 2003) unli ke the old methodical and rigid way of composing academic papers in the academia. However it is important to look out and watch the tendency towards playfulness in e -? communications.That is we have to look out for the informality of email communication with regard to the traditional norms governing the form of official letters that writers have to deal with (Abdullah, Meridian Haiti 2003). On the other hand, the online domain has also substantially increased opportunities for collaboration in writing. The ease with which information or literature can be gathered makes Information and Communication Technology (CIT) a good catalyst and more so a tool by which students at university level are able to produce standardized and quality academic papers.

The Redox of Cognitive Consistency Thesis - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss aboutThe Redox of Cognitive Consistency Thesis. Answer: Introduction: The Fletcher Construction (FC) Company Limited is a business organisation which is engaged in the construction division of Fletcher Building Limited, publicly listed on the New Zealand and Australian stock exchanges. It has almost 20,000 employees and a market capitalisation of $9 billion. This company is structured into four business units which are managed by the General Managers and their senior leadership teams (Fletcher, n.d.). Fletcher Construction works with the customers to build the better communities and economies. Fletcher construction conduct different activities, and some of these things are stated below: FC conducts their operations with the local government, central government, and private clients for developing the building environment and for creating vibrant and livable cities. It also involves the activities of transport and utility infrastructure Develop infrastructure and buildings in the south pacific such as Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa and American Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, and FC also engaged in the business of Roading (Fletcher, n.d.). This paper discusses the theories and models which is related to resource integration management practices and also discuss their validity and reliability for general adoption. This paper further evaluates the vital strategic factors which provide guidance related to planning, policy development, implementation and management of resource integration in Fletcher construction. It should be noted, resource integration is the process which creates value, and this is the critical aspect of the discussion in this paper. Majority of the research pays attention to the theory and models of the resource integration in the context of Fletcher construction. After that, we examine vital strategic factors which provide guidance in planning, policy development, implementation and management of resource integration. However, this research includes tangible, intangible and human resources, but it is not limited to these resources only. Results of this report can be used by the organisations engaged in the construction industry for managing their resources effectively and efficiently. Through resource integration model, organisations can frame accurate plan related to the resource management and create value for their organisations. Please note; this paper is a qualitative paper which only discusses theoretical part related to the resource integration, and limited to the brief description of theories and models. This report does not include any numerical content because of which results of this report can be varied. As stated this paper is qualitative because of which it is a time constraint. Because of the high volume data, it is difficult to Lastly, the paper is concluded with a brief conclusion which highlights key findings of the paper. Resource Integration: As stated by Vargo, all the social and economic factors related to the organisation is considered as resource integrators, and they also recognise the role played by other factors in the networks. They further stated that it is necessary to understand the commodities of the activities of actors that constitute the market, and also the nature of network which is linked together in the context of competence, relationship, and integration (Vargo and Lusch, 2010). Resources: Resource integrators utilise the resources to achieve the fundamental source of competitive advantage (Vargo and Lusch, 2008). S-D logic focuses on the resources provided by all the factors related to the organisation such as customer, suppliers, and other stakeholders which fall within a network of relationships. On the other side, with the help of established resource-based view, they focus on the resources of the supplying organisation and also on the way through which these resources are developed to ensure sustainable competitive advantage. Integrating resources: Integration mainly referred as process and form of collaboration. It is necessary to understand the practices related to integrating resources, and how to design and configure the integration process. There are two theories which offer insights in the resource integration process, and these theories are effectuation theory and configuration theory. Effectuation theory raises questions related to the predictive rationale for organisational behaviour, and it suggests collaboration which occurs through commitments between networked actors. This theory considers the role played by the different actors related to the organisation and also evaluates the collaboration between them. On the other hand, Configuration theory explains the process through which organisations configure their resources, and respond to the environmental issues through the agency of their people. This theory deals with the challenges thrown by configuration theory and also provides guidelines to deal with these challenges. The organization uses both the theories to ensure adequate resource integration and for creating value for the organisation. Resource Integration Framework Above stated graph provides the framework through which organisation can ensure efficient resource integration process and ensure value creation for business. This framework stated that different actors use the resources to integrate these resources. All resources are evaluated for creating value for the business. Integrated resource management (IRM), is a planning and decision-making process which mainly coordinates the resources to get long-term sustainable benefits, and it also deals with the conflicts among users are minimised. IRM brings all the resources groups together instead of each group working separately to the different balance requirements of the society in the context of economic, environmental and social areas (Peters, 2014). The process of IRM includes various stages, and all these stages are stated below: (All factors described below) resource planning Development of policy Implementation of resource integration and resource planning Resource Management: Good construction managers are considered as unsung heroes of construction projects, and because of their skills, diligence, and efficient practices, construction projects are delivered without delay. Efficient management of resources ensures that right people are working with the right equipment for the right job and at the right time (Burger, 2015). Resource management is the process which ensures the effective and efficient development of the resources used by organisation whenever required. Different type f resources fall under this category such as financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or information technology (IT). Resource planning: Resource management and project management are two concepts which depend on each other in the construction industry, but both the concepts reflect different aspects. The primary purpose of resource management plan is to identify and reserve resources to meet long term and short term goals of the organisation. However, this process sounds straightforward, but in practice, it is involved in nature because different things are interconnected. A resource plan must: Management must ensure availability of the resources which include both workers and equipment, and also identifies any conflict related to resources and resolves such issue before time. For example; a cement mixer cannot be on two buildings at the same time. Process related to the resource planning must be quick and efficient at the time when the building construction teams make efforts for meeting project objectives (Hillerbrandt Meikle, 2006). While conducting the activities related to the construction project, it is necessary for Fletcher to consider whether they like to work with their equipment or like to take these resources on rent. Fletcher does not take equipments on rent because this company worked on large scales and preferred to make investments in these equipments (Fletcher, 2016). Therefore, the primary purpose of resource planning is to design, develop and evaluate a service given by another person for ensuring efficient management and resource allocation between different departments. There are some resources which can be shared such as equipment, human resources, buildings, and warehouse space. It is necessary for the user to describe the tasks they need to achieve and resource management ensure efficient supply of resources for this purpose (Simon, Snow Read, 2004). It is suggested, resources are selected from a shared resources pool which involves all the necessary resource required by the organisation. To describe a specific set of resources, and an extensive number of parameters which measure these resources, it is necessary for an organisation to set the framework which is useful. Therefore, a pre-requisite for the resource management is the availability of an integrated resource description model which met above-stated requirements. The primary factor of development of the integrated resource model in the resource management process was an analysis of standards and procedures related to construction equipments, construction tasks, and qualification profiles to select the most detailed and general content models (Menzel, n.d.). This evaluation can be conducted in tow subparts. Firstly, management analyses content information related to equipments and tasks and also qualification profiles related to construction industry. In the second step, specifications of content are compared with the existing strategies of the organisation to define the existing scheme to manage and maintain resource information. This evaluation process was conducted in close cooperation with the partners of the industry and also with the potential of end users (Katranuschkov, 2001). The primary purpose of integrated resource type model is to provide an appropriate method to manage different categories of resources and also generates a harmonised set of descriptive attributes and proper relationships (Menzel, n.d.). Therefore, mapping and merging strategies related to the resource management provide support to the integrated use of the existing, standardised, and singular models. Policies related to the resource management contribute to the development of a similar description of the integrated e-Sharing resource model. Resource planning provides support to the leasing concepts also on a cross-sectoral, and finally, it results in improved business opportunities. In this manner, it becomes easy for SMEs to share their services more efficiently. Services provided by ICT sector or any other sector, are readily available for the construction sector (Simon Holyoak, 2002). Bellow stated figure describes stated model:The primary objective of this graph is to provide an appropriate method to manage different categories of resources, and also for generating a consistent set of descriptive factors and appropriate relationships. Therefore, within the e-sharing project mapping and merging strategies, this model develops the enabling and supporting of the integrated use of the existing, standardised, singular models and content descriptions. This strategy will contribute to the development of the homogeneous description of the integrated e-Sharing resource model (Menzel, n.d.). Valuations of Assets are considered as another important part of the resource planning, as it helps the organisation in determining the availability and requirement of resources in the organisation. Generally, in resource planning, it determines the cost of plant and equipment. Undervaluation of assets, the organisation, determines the actual value of the land, buildings, plant and machinery, fixtures and equipment (Siltaloppi Vargo, 2014). In case of Fletcher, a value related to property plant and equipment includes the cost needed to acquire the asset and another related cost such as cost occurred in bringing the asset to the location and maintenance cost. Fletcher also considers the cost related to self-constructed assets, and this includes cost related to the material used in a construction project, direct labour related to the project, site preparation, and installation cost. All these costs must be considered while making the policy (Fletcher, 2016). Some of the resources of Fletcher building are stated below, and this section also stated how these resources are valued by the organization: Tangible assets- tangible assets of the organization are property, equipments, self-constructed assets. For considering the value of these assets organization conduct fair value adjustments. Currently, organization has total 2214 million tangible assets (Fletcher,2017). Cost related to the self-constructed assets include, cost related to the all the materials used in construction such as direct labor related to the project, preparation and installation costs of site, costs of obtaining resource consents, financing costs attributable to the project, variable and fixed overheads and unrecovered operating costs incurred during planned commissioning. It must be noted that feasibility cost are expensed as incurred Leases are another tangible assets in which group stated that all the risks and rewards of ownership are considered as finance lease, and these leases are measured at lower than their fair value or at the present value of the minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease. Land, buildings, plant and machinery, finance leased assets and fixtures and equipment are valued at cost after reducing the depreciation. Development cost in context of sites for the purpose of initiating extraction is capitalized in the form of resource extraction assets. Assets related to the resource extraction are held at historic cost and depleted over the shorter of the life of the site or right to use period. Intangible assets- currently organization has 609 million of intangible assets which does not include goodwill(Fletcher,2017). An intangible asset can be recognized as an asset apart from goodwill that is derived from either contractual or other legal rights. Other form of intangible assets Fletcher owns trademarks, Internet domains, advertising, construction permits and contracts, employment contracts, patented and unpatented technologies, and secret formula (Foster. P. Benjamin et al.,2003). It must be noted that intangible assets in fletcher group acquired separately, and these assets are measured on initial recognition at cost. Subsequently, these assets are carried at cost after reducing accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Intangible assets with the indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but these assets are tested for impairment annually, either at individual level or at CGU level. It must be noted that, definite lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis. Expenditure related to research activities is recognized in earnings as incurred. Important development related to the expenditure is considered as an asset if particular framework related to the technical feasibility and future economic benefits are met. Other developed expenditures are recognized in the income statement as they incurred. Brands related to which all other necessary factors indicate that there is no limit on the foreseeable net cash flows which are considered to have an indefinite useful life, are held at cost, and are not amortized but are subject to an annual impairment test. Human Resources- Fletcher has approx. 20,000 employees working the company and its subsidiaries (Fletcher,2017). Goodwill- goodwill of the organization amounted to 1069 million and for calculating this organization assign Fair values to the identifiable assets and liabilities of subsidiaries and associates of the group at the date they are acquired (Fletcher, 2017). At 30th June 2017 this group holds and carried the goodwill and other intangible assets at $1.7 billion. The recoverable amount of goodwill and other assets of intangible nature are determined in each reporting period in context of valuations prepared by using discounted cash flow models. These models contain reliable judgments for the purpose of forecasting and estimating future cash flow, discount rate and terminal growth rate assumptions. Changes occurred in assumption can result in the assessment of the recoverable amount. Policy Development: A policy is considered an action which is predetermined by the organisation, and which is established to provide guidance related to the accepted business strategies and objectives. It can be said that policy is the direct link between the vision of the organisation and the daily operations. Policies are considered as a forward step of resource planning. Policies not only identify the essential activities of the organisation and also provide standard strategy for the decision makers for guiding then how to deal with the issues arise in future. The policy provides the limit to the reader and also provides different choices which are used for guiding the decision-making process (Weise, 2014). After understanding the meaning of policies, it is necessary to understand the importance of policies in the organisation: It helps the employees in understanding their job contracts without taking the help from trial and error approach because all the necessary points are stated in the policies. It also helps the workforce to understand their responsibilities as both individual and team, which means it saves time and resources of the organisation. Everyone is working on the same platform in the organisation, and employees get help related to his or her tasks and projects. (ALL THEORIES LINKED WITH FLETCHER CONSTRUCTION, points and policies stated below.) It is necessary for an organisation to manage these projects with limited time, cost, and resources. Therefore, it is essential for the organisation to maintain strict control and efficient cost. It also controls the over budgeting of any project and wastage (Edvardsson, Tronvoll Gruber, 2011). Fletcher construction develops different policies and procedures to ensure that all the projects related to construction are conducted efficiently. Some of these policies are stated below: Fletcher is one of the largest construction company in New Zealand; it works on big projects. As stated above, Fletcher works on both government and private projects. Therefore, there is need to conduct proper planning, organising, and supervision in the context of resources. Resources of fletcher include raw material, equipments, technology, and human resources. All these resources are considered as most essential resources for conducting day to day operations of the business, and for this purpose, Fletcher ensures effective and efficient planning for all these resources. It is necessary for Fletcher to hire skilled staff and must take care of existing employees of the organisation. Human resource planning of the organization is very active, as they hire skilled staff, who works hard for achieving goals of the company Planning related to human resource management includes programs and training sessions which build the capability of the employees through ongoing recruitment and employee development, and also ensure that vision of the employee is linked with the vision of the organization. They develop the plan after discussing with their staff about every aspect of their projects to get more output from their employees. Therefore, human resource plays a most crucial role in company development (Fletcher, 2013). Fletcher organised various programs such as Step Up, Leaders Edge, and Branching Outand Leadership Insights and these programs are implemented to improve the engagement of the employees in the organisation. Fletcher conduct training and development Programs for their employees for prepare future leaders (Fletcher, 2016). Fletcher provides support to the concept of improving safety and technical competencies for those managers who are involved in dangerous operations (Smith, 2017). However, the issue arises when these specific competencies are required for all the construction activities which also involve tunnels and shafts. These standards and qualification are specific, and this is the reason which causes a delay in the critical operations. Management can share roles. However, to avoid higher staffing levels, creative roles are necessary for the construction industry (Fletcher, 2017). To provide support to the health and safety activities, Fletcher developed high-quality resources in the year 2017 related to the health and safety. These resources include the tools which ensure a reduction in the variability of basic standards of safety. The organisation also develops technological resources such as joint health and safety electronic reporting system and a health and safety intranet site. Various guidelines and resources have been produced to ensure that hazards are managed more efficiently. Implementation and management of resource integration: As stated above, resource plan is created at the time of resource planning. Any person who is responsible for the resource management of the organisation must create an efficient resource plan to ensure that all the resources are present for completing the project. Implementation of resource integration is the last step of the resource management process, and it is considered as the most crucial step of the complete process. In other words, the implementation plan is the most useful and practical management tool which is the ultimate result of the complete process. Implementation plan breaks down each strategy into small tasks, and assign these tasks to different individuals and teams in the organisation and also guide and complete each task, for example, to complete any Housing project, organisation divide the complete project into small tasks and assign each task to the related parties (NRCS, n.d.). This process is considered essential the resource management because it is not possible for one person to implement the complete plan, and there is need of different employees who possess expert knowledge in the different fields. Therefore, it is necessary to handle the part of work to that person who possesses expert knowledge related to that work. There must be an effective method to implement the resource plan, and if there is an efficient method to carry out the resource plan, then there are chances of confusion and chaos, and in some cases, it can result in failure of the complete project. In construction industry where scarcity of resources is always considered a big issue, it is necessary to use these resources effectively. However, implementation of the resource plan is considered a difficult task, and it required continuous monitoring to ensure that all the resources are used at the right place by right people. It also requires that planner of the strategy identify every step which is required for the purpose effective implementation of resource plan. Implementation of the plan is the last stage of the management process and considered as a most crucial stage (Olsen, n.d.). In Fletcher, management decides the task in different department and frame groups for the same and this group be led by the team leaders. Employee engagement- Fletcher conducted global engagement survey, and as per this survey, there is pleasing overall engagement score of 79 percent in the organisation, an organisation committed to holding 81% score in the context of employee engagement (Fletcher 2016). The organisation further committed to making extra efforts to score high number in this context. This score is considered as an ultimate result of the effective planning and implementation of the human resource management policy. As stated human resources are considered as most important resources of the organisation, and any resource planning of the organisation must include this factor on a priority basis (Fletcher, 2011). Conclusion: Key findings are considered a summary of the essential facts already described in the paper, and this summary is revolving around the research question. The primary purpose of this paper is to analyse the resource integration model and discuss theories related to resource integration. This primary objective of the paper is fulfilled with the help of different sources such as thesis conducted by universities, peer-reviewed journals, publications, etc. The primary purpose of this research was to understand how resources of the organisation such as tangible, intangible, and human resources are developed and shared within business organizations for conducting day to day operations. After considering the above facts, it can be said that integration of resource is a planning and decision-making process which mainly coordinates the resources to get long-term sustainable benefits, and it also deals with the conflicts among users are minimised. For this purpose fletcher conduct valuation of assets continues basis such as value related to property plant and equipment includes the cost needed to acquire the asset and another related cost such as cost occurred in bringing the asset to the location and maintenance cost. Fletcher also considers the cost related to self-constructed assets, and this includes cost related to the material used in a construction project, direct labour related to the project, site preparation, and installation cost. All these costs must be considered while making the policy. Mainly, this report examined how contingent factors such as social integration mechanisms, power, and regimes influence the willingness and ability of organisations to generate resources. In this report, we applied a cognitive theoretical approach which understands the models and theories related to resource integrations at every level of the organisation. Management analyses content information related to equipments and tasks and also qualification profiles related to the industry. Specifications of content are compared with the existing strategies of the organisation to define the existing scheme to manage and maintain resource information. References: Burger, R. (2015). How to Create a Resource Management Plan for Your Commercial Construction Company. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://blog.capterra.com/how-to-create-a-resource-management-plan-for-your-commercial-construction-company/. Edvardsson, B., Tronvoll, B., Gruber, T. (2011). Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,39(2), 327-339. Fletcher Building, (2013). Submission on the Discussion Paper: Safe Mines Safe Workers. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/employment-skills/workplace-health-and-safety-reform/pike-river-implementation/document-and-image-library/safe-mines-submissions/Fletcher%20Building.pdf. Fletcher Building, (2016). Annual Report 2016. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://fletcherbuilding.com/assets/incoming/annual-report-2016-final-website-version-1.pdf. Fletcher Building, (2017). Annual Report 2017. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://fletcherbuilding.com/assets/files/fletcher-building-2017-annual-report.pdf. Fletcher. About Us. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.fletcherconstruction.co.nz/about-us. Fletcher. What We do. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.fletcherconstruction.co.nz/what-we-do. Fletcher Building, (2011). AN ENDURING VISION: Fletcher Building Annual Report 2011. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://fletcherbuilding.com/assets/incoming/2011-FBL-Annual-Report.pdf. Foster. P. Benjamin, Fletcher. R, and William D. Stout (2003). The CPA Journal, Valuing Intangible Resources. Retrieved on 22nd March 2018 from: https://archives.cpajournal.com/2003/1003/features/f105003.htm HillerBrandt, P. Meikle, J. (2006). Resource planning for construction. Journal of Construction Management and Economics, Volume 3, 1985 - Issue 3. Menzel, K. Wagner U. Keller, M. Antoniadis, G. Branco, A. Resource Management for the Construction Industry. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.554.5814rep=rep1type=pdf. NRCS. Implementing the Resource Plan. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs141p2_029251.pdf. Olsen, E Strategic Implementation. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://onstrategyhq.com/resources/strategic-implementation/. Katranuschkov, P. (2001): A Mapping Language for Concurrent Engineering Processes: Ph.D. PCG. Are Your Policies and Procedures a Barrier To Growing Your Company?. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.pcg-services.com/are-your-policies-and-procedures-a-barrier-to-growing-your-company/. Kleinaltenkamp, M. Brodie, R. Frow, PWoratschek, H. (2012). Resource integration. Journal of Marketing Theory 12(2) 201205. Peters, L. Lobler, H. Brodie, Rvarey, R. (2014). Theorizing About Resource Integration Through Service- Dominant Logic. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/21839/Theorizing_neu_einfacherZA.pdf. Siltaloppi, J. vargo, S. (2014). Reconciling resource integration and value propositions the dynamics of value co-creation. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6758762. Simon, D., Holyoak, K. (2002), Structural Dynamics of Cognition: From Consistency Theories to Constraint Satisfaction, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 283-294. Simon, D., Snow, C. J., and Read, S. J. (2004), The Redux of Cognitive Consistency Thesis, Dresden University of Technology. Smith, J. (2017). Jack Smith: Getting to the heart of Fletcher's problems. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11902599. Theories: Evidence Judgements by Constraint Satisfaction, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 814-837. Vargo, S., Lusch, R.F. (2010) Its all B2B and beyond: Toward a Systems Perspective of the Market, Industrial Marketing Management 40(2011): 1817. Vargo, S.L., Lusch, R.F. (2008) Service-dominant Logic: Continuing the Evolution, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 36: 110. Weise, K. (2014). The Importance of Policy Management: Development. Retrieved on 9th March 2018 from: https://thecapgroup.com.au/policy-management/.