Nuclear Energy Renewable Energy - 727 Words

Did you know that we use 32% of our energy for electricity? Energy makes lots of things work like machines. There is not just one word for energy, another word is power. Two of the main types of energy is renewable, and nonrenewable. Renewable energy is energy used over and over again. Renewable energy will not run out. Some examples of renewable energy is solar energy, hydro energy, and wind energy. Non renewable is energy is that will eventually run out. Some examples of non renewable energy are nuclear energy, coal, and natural gas. In the next few paragraphs it will be focusing on nuclear energy (nonrenewable source) and hydro energy (renewable source Nuclear energy Did you know that countries worked to build a weapon that used nuclear energy in world war ll? There are lots of different sources for non renewable energy, like nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is energy that holds together an atom which is called nuclear. Atoms are really small particles that make up basically everything in the whole universe. The energy inside an atom comes from nuclear energy. An huge amount of energy is released when we split a nucleus of an atom. When nuclear energy is released it is through a process called nuclear fusion. When nuclear fusion happens, the atoms release energy as they combine to make a larger atom. Nuclear energy comes from energy inside an atom. Two nuclear fusion atoms are combined and creating nuclear energy when we split an atom. When Nuclear energy is releasedShow MoreRelatedNuclear Energy Vs. Renewable Energy1102 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovery of nuclear energy, it has remained the most powerful energy source to this day. Despite its superiority in energy efficiency and safety to the environment, fossil fuels are the dominant source of energy in the United States. This paper will analyze developments nuclear energy has made, the factors that contribute to its superiority over other energy sources, and controversies that have inhibited its growth in usage in the United States. In addition, it will compare nuclear energy to fossilRead MoreRenewable Energy : A Nuclear Reactor1064 Words   |  5 PagesApril of 1986, a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine exploded, it left 30 dead and lasting radioactive effects in parts of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. There have been longstanding effects of this disaster, such as thyroid cancer in children, radiation sickness, and environmental consequences. (WNA) In the pursuit of energy, humankind has sabotaged ecosystems, the ozone layer, and caused complications to our own health. Whether it be drilling, mining, or nuclear energy. Renewable resources s eemRead MoreNuclear Energy : Nuclear And Non Renewable Sources Of Energy2249 Words   |  9 PagesNuclear Energy Nuclear energy has always been considered as one of the best options to replace petroleum and other non-renewable sources of energy since the scientific research begin on it more than half a century ago. With the passage of time, scientists came up with ideas and systems to utilize this energy practically for the benefit of the mankind so that it can be an alternate to the non-renewable sources of energy adding to that some other uses as well (eg. Nuclear medicine). This off courseRead MoreAn Analysis of Literature Concerning the Future of Power Generation: Nuclear Energy or Renewable Energy?591 Words   |  2 Pagescompetition between nuclear and renewable energy for the structuring of new electricity supply? Introduction Neither nuclear nor other sources of renewable energy have been successful in taking over dominance of power generation from coal except in a few countries (e.g. France, Belgium). Therefore, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning what the future holds for power generation, including an assessment of whether the environment risks are too high in nuclear generation activitiesRead MoreThe Future Industry in Energy: Dropping the Concept of Nuclear Energy1209 Words   |  5 PagesIndustry in Energy: Dropping the Concept of Nuclear Energy At the start of the mid 1950’s, the world was introduced to a new, alternative source of power that would revolutionize the energy industry; this power became known as nuclear energy. Since that time, nuclear energy seemed to pave the way in efficiency and supply power to countless cities around the globe. However, the past has shown that there are many major disadvantages to using nuclear energy. Today, many individuals believe that nuclear powerRead MoreRussian Gas As A Foreign Policy Weapon1362 Words   |  6 PagesWith 53% of the European Union’s energy being imported in 2013, it is not a surprise that the European Union is continuously seeking alternative energy methods to help gain energy independence. If not complete independence, they hope to lower their reliance on Russia who to frequently uses its energy dominance as a foreign policy weapon. Russian and Ukrainian disputes in 2006, 2009, and 2014 have led to critical gas shortages across the European Union and a public opinion that Russian natural gasRead MoreThe Threat Of Nuclear Energy Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesoften speculation surrounding Nuclear Energy. There were reports that the British applied to the United States for permission to carry out their first atomic bomb in the flats of Nevada. These reports were met with much speculation due to the physical size and observable flaws in the British program. Many countries pursue Nuclear energy for weaponry or other status symbols. When Nuclear Energy is harnessed it can have a significant effect. Developments in Nuclear energy have had a great impact on globalRead MoreOil Shortage During The United States1544 Words   |  7 Pageswhenever we want. Moreover, we do not need to wash cloths with our hands. Technology helps us to save a lot of time to do other things. On the other hand, these advantages make us more and more rely on technology. Actually, technology consumes a lot of energy or electricity every day. Nowadays, many cou ntries choose to burn fossil fuel to generate electricity, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. The fossil fuels are limited. The website Ecotricity.co.uk claims that oil (petroleum) will run out inRead MoreRenewable And Other Low Carbon Technologies957 Words   |  4 Pageslower than the target purely through adding renewable and other low carbon technologies. However, if CCGT are used in conjunction with CCS the emissions drop to 56gCO2/MWh. This could then form the majority of the baseload electricity required for the UK in 2030. Other low carbon technologies are required to aggregate the emissions down to lower than the 50gCO2/MWh target but these could come from either solar, wind, fuel cells or nuclear power. The proposed optimization mix is also highly reliantRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pageswarming. As gas prices steadily rise, people need a newer, cleaner source of energy. The alternatives are numerous and would be beneficial to the well being of the whole world. The human race must replace its fossil fuel use with renewable resources in order to prosper economically and to improve the world ecologically. Renewable resources are much cleaner and more ecologically friendly than fossil fuels. Renewable sources of energy do not pollute the environment and also do not release toxic carbon dioxide

Essay on Dangers of Fast Food - 893 Words

Its quick, its convenient, its delicious. Fast food is the most popular quick-service nourishment. It plays an important roll in the lives that we humans so perfectly laid out for ourselves. Why try cooking when you can get food at a much faster rate? To most people, fast food is the answer to all of our problems. It is good in every possible way, or is it? Although some might deny the consequences, we all know there is a steep price to pay. So here by today, I am asking you to have a closer look at the hidden dangers. In my opinion, we should free the world of fast food because, not only are they adding the amount of cruelty to animals and draining money out of our pockets, theyre also taking great risk of the health of†¦show more content†¦United States, the largest fast food nation, now spends more than 134 billion dollars on MacDonald?s and Burger Kings each year. Despite the expenses, most still choose fast food to be part of their every day lives. Here?s an example tha t will show you why Mac Donald?s is a millstone to the future of our community. Supposedly you pay a visit to fast food restaurants five times a week, and you always order a combo meal, consisting of a burger, French fries, and a drink. This will cost you at least 5 dollars per meal, and 25 dollars per week. In a year, you will be under the pressure of more than 1300 dollars! And that?s only if you paid a visit for lunch from Monday to Friday. Now, if a person goes to MacDonald?s every breakfast, lunch, and dinner of everyday of the week, it will add up to an average of 5475 dollars a year! That is too much to pay for, just for the sake of shorter line ups. Instead of looking for a quicker, more convenient way of life, we should donate our money on more essential things that this world can?t do without. Fast food is a financial burden for society, and we must get rid of it for the grater good. In the recent years, fast food chains have added salads to their menus, so that you can also include vegetables and other healthier kinds of nourishment. It?s a new choice and a big step to take toward the physical conditions of our community. But what about the rest of the menu? Hamburgers and French fries areShow MoreRelatedFood Education : The Dangers Of Fast Food1557 Words   |  7 PagesFood Education in America -The dangers of fast food   Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it first opened its doors in 1940, by Richard and Maurice McDonald, with its single location in San Bernardino California, Mcdonald s has been luring the working class into their restaurants by offering hot and ready meals for a reasonable price. Now almost eight decades later, with over 36.000 locations in 120 countries. Mcdonald s restaurants are everywhere Airports, Walmarts, gas stations, shopping malls, train stations, amusementRead MoreThe Dangers Of Fast Food Advertising1296 Words   |  6 PagesFast food advertisements can be found around the world, on newspapers, television, and even online. Children, teenagers, and parents have seen marketing focused on fast food. While adults may think little about such blatant advertising tactics that are solely designed to attract new customers, how are kids affected? People across the United States worry about the ever increasing obesity rates amongst children in recent years. A common explanation is the spike in pop ularity of fast food. Most kidsRead MoreDangers Posed By The Fast Food Industry899 Words   |  4 PagesDangers Posed by the Fast Food Industry â€Å"A nation s diet can be more revealing than its art or literature† (Schlosser, 3). Historically, few trends have been as popular in the United States as fast food. From Burger King to Taco Bell to McDonald’s, it seems that numerous fast food restaurants dot every corner; in fact, specific restaurants have now even joined forces, so that a Taco Bell and a Pizza Hut might coexist within one building. Statistically, Americans eat a great deal of fast food, andRead MoreOur Children And The Danger Of Fast Food857 Words   |  4 PagesOur Children and The Danger of Fast Food   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The popularity of fast food is spreading rapidly among many people, mostly due to the following three main reasons:  good taste, convenience, and price. Also, fast food companies  are  smart  in placing themselves in many different countries around the world.  Regardless of location on the globe, fast food restaurants  are available  anywhere with similar food. There is no doubt that eating fast food  has become a regular part of  the diet. These mealsRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal848 Words   |  4 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser writes about the fast food industry. However, his book is not merely an expose of the fast food industry but is even more a consideration of how the fast food industry has shaped and defined American society in America and for other nations as America exports its fast food culture to others. Schlosser describes a great deal of American culture to the fast food mentality, and he finds that globalization is taking the fast food culture around theRead MoreFast Food in America1664 Words   |  7 PagesFast Food in America People today have a need for speed. Everything has to be more convenient, and bigger. Humans are the super-sized rulers of the world, and people need it as fast as possible. This lifestyle has consequences; if one does not start taking charge, and fight these big corporations right now these mistakes will be too far reaching and irreversible. Because fast food is convenient, inexpensive, and is a cultural habit, people must stop eating it since it has increased health problemsRead MoreArgumentative Essay About Fast Food Industry1359 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy has become fast-paced, and this has forced people to transform their lifestyle in order to adapt to the changing pace. Family structures have evolved drastically with modern mothers having outside careers rather than being housewives. Granted such mothers get out of work worn out with little strength to prepare a proper meal for the family. They often opt for an easier way of preparing a meal for their families. This is the foundation for the thriving of the fast food industry. A number ofRead MoreNutrition and Fast Food Industries Essay examples671 Words   |  3 Pages To get a feel for Peter Elbow’s â€Å"believing game,† write a summary of some belief that you strongly disagree with. Then write a summary of the position that you actually hold on this topic. Zinczenenko arguments says that fast food companies are making people fat. Fast food industry is vulnerable. They are marketing product with proven health hazards and no warning labels. It will results in to make children more sick, obese and angry. His arguments are strong enough to convince the situation accordingRead MoreAmerican Teens Become Fit Again Case Study1745 Words   |  7 Pages American Teens Need To Become Fit Again The unhealthy generation, is in danger of being destroyed by obesity and other relative obesity diseases.Helping our human bodies to remain healthier and stay alive. Obesity is a dangerous diagnosis that can creep upon young teens who always seem to fling it off the shoulder and not take it serious. Obesity is what happens when humans dont eat the proper food, it causes problems that can’t fix. The 70’s was the big drop in society, parents started toRead MoreFast Food Industry in U.S1040 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Johnson 03/06/2012 Fast Food Industry in U.S A variety of different regulations have been set for people that are concerned with tobacco either on a personal level or commercially. Tobacco is associated with damages and thus it has been attacked by medical authorities and social observers. The fast food industry is no exception since it has also contributed to different damages to people’s health. Obesity is just one of the many ailments caused by fast food joints. FDA has made sure

Marketing Contemporary Issues in Marketing

Question: Describe about the Contemporary Issues in Marketing? Answer: Introduction Aaker. (2010) discussed that the integration of the set of the processes and the organizational functions for doing the creation, communication and also the delivering the values to the customers for doing the management of the relationship with the customers and also the stakeholders in such way that it can benefitted the organization. In the first part of the assignment it discusses about the detailed analysis of the various concepts on the basis of the exemplary examples of the organization. Then in the second part of the assignment it discusses about all the stages of the marketing concept on the basis of the choosing organization Apple. The Production Concept: Basically it is one of the oldest concepts of the business. In this concept it discusses about the preference of the products by the consumers which are cheaper and also widely available in nature. In this concept it assumes that the managers are more focused on the achievement of the efficiency of the high production, mass distribution and also the low costs. In increasing the production leads to the cut down of the costs of the product (Beamish et al., 2012). In this concept it discusses that the products will be manufactured without depending on the consideration of the choices discrimination of the customers, tastes etc .Some of the key features of the production concept include: high production rate, mass type of distribution and the low costs (Farrell, 2005). The assumptions hold the two types of the situations on the basis of which the consumers are more interested in the availability of the products and also the low prices of the products. In the first situation it tells about the demand exceeds the supply of the products. In this the suppliers are more interested in obtaining the products and the ways to increase the production. In the second situations it deals about the high of the product cost and also needs to be brought down by increasing the productivity to do the expansion of the market. For instance the organization like McDonald and the Burger king focuses on the production concept by improving themselves to serve the high demand (Beck. 2010). Moreover, any of the company does the follow of the production concept which also does the choose to ignoring the basis of the customer needs and also give the main focus on doing the proper building of the quality product. Therefore, in the assumptions of the production concept it also mainly focuses on doing the improvement of the quality of the products so that the product will also get sold by themselves. Product concept: Beamish et al. (2012) tells that the product concept deals with the numbers of the customers who will give the favor of that type of the products which maintain the performance, quality and also the innovative features. In this concept the manufacturer are giving more focus on doing the development of the superior type of the product and also does some of the innovative type of the improvement in the nature of the product (Danaher, et al.2009). In this concept sometimes manager does not concern about the market needs. The companies who trusted on the facts that the available goods and the services need to good in the qualities and the standards which can easily attracted the customers. The main aim of this philosophy is that the companies need to direct the marketing concept to do the increase in the qualities of the products. The customer also needs to look after to the price of the products also as well as the quality of the products (Hooley, et al.2007). Therefore it tells that th e product quality is not the main thing to gain the success in the context of the marketing, the price of the product also plays an important role (Beck. 2010). The product concept can also lead to the market myopia, which is an undue concentration of the product instead on the basis of the need of the product. For instance the automobile industries such as Toyota Pirus use the product concept to launch their in to the market. Selling concept: Selling concept is also another basic concept in the context of the business orientation. In this concept it mainly tells about the business and the consumers. In this concept it assumes about the buying inertia and the resistance of the consumers which is mainly coaxed into the buying (Chernev, 2010). The main focus of the selling concept is to the consumers without on the basis of the market needs and also the increase sales transactions without the enhancing the relationship with the customers. In this concept it mainly deals with the poor assumptions of the market if the customers are mainly coaxed into the buying criteria of the product. This concept is mainly used for that type of the product which is not sold in normal case for which the large scale of the promotion and also the selling efforts are needed. So this concept is mainly used for the short term goals not foe the long term objectives (Dawar, et al.2008). To make the selling effective in nature there needs to maintain some of the marketing activities which include the assessment of the need, market based research, product development, distribution and pricing. The product is sold very easily if the marketer can identify the consumer needs; develop the appropriate product on the basis of the needs, price, distribution and also the promotion of the products (Darke, et al.2008). Some of the examples of the organization using the selling concept are timeshare companies and the insurance companies. Therefore, these type of the companies using the selling concept to introduce the product into the market and also needs to create the public awareness (Horstmann, et al.2008). Marketing concept: The marketing concept is the key thing which matters to achieve the organizational goals in doing the determination of the wants and the needs of the target markets and also the delivery of the desired level of the satisfactions more efficiently and also effectively in nature than the competitors (Hunt, et al.2007). This mainly challenges of the mentioned three business orientations. So through this concept it helps achieve the determined goals of the organization with the better identifications and the satisfactions of the customers determined and the undetermined wants and needs. The four main things of the marketing concept are the customer needs, target markets, profit and the integrated market. The marketing concept is mainly focuses on the needs of the customers. It mainly deals with the basic idea of the satisfying needs of the customers in which product is the solution of the customer problems. In short it tells about the modern concept of the marketing by doing the adoption of the profit which can be earned on the basis of the long term process. The marketing concept mainly highlights some of the following features (Dayal, 2010): Proper identifications of the target customers and the market. Proper understanding of the customers needs and wants in doing the achievements of the target market. Doing the development of the services and the products on the basis of the customer needs. Satisfying of the needs in a better way than the customers (Gruca, et al.2009). The marketing concept mainly relies on the three aspects which include the target market, determination of the want, demands and the needs of the target market and also the delivery of the value proposition product (Greenley, et al.2007). This concept holds in doing the achievement of the organizational goals which depends on the criteria of the target market and also the delivering of the products with the availability of the satisfaction. In marketing concept it includes all the competitors action of doing the marketing and also their effects on the customers preferences (Farahmand et al.2011). For instance, both the companies Coke and Pepsi use the marketing concept to sell their product. Coke delivers the product on the basis of the holistic approach whereas the Pepsi keep their focus mostly on the youngster. Societal marketing concept: This concept was a basic outcome of the marketing concept which is described in the above context. In the societal marketing concept it deals with the both ethical and the social considerations of the marketing concept. It mainly holds about the organization objective which mainly deals with the wants, interests and the needs of the target market. The basic objectives of the societal marketing concept are given below (Doyle, et al.2010): Social responsibility which mainly deals with the business decision making to enhance the societys needs and the wants. The adoption of the roles of the leadership in doing the advancement of the levels of the moral conducts of the society. To promote the proper consumption values on the duty of the business (Douglas, et al.2007). In short, the societal marketing deals with the various practices and also the principles from the commercial theory of the marketing in doing the advancement of perceiving the social benefits. Some of the basic things which are needed in doing the societal marketing include the deficient product, pleasing products, salutary products and also the desirable products (Ferrell et al.2010). In the other words, the societal marketing strikes the balances between the profits, long term values of the society and the consumer level of satisfaction. In this concept it mainly emphasizes on the social responsibility and also suggests the ways in which it mainly deals with the societys well beings and the customer needs. This concept force the company to shifts their focuses toward the relationships rather than the transactions (Guiltinan, 2010). The societal marketing concept is mainly deals upon the marketer to do the balance of the three things namely, profit of the company, satisfaction of the consumers and also the public interest. The balancing of all these three considerations calls for the societal marketing concept (Eggert, et al.2006). Some of the examples of the organization using the societal marketing concept are Body shop, a cosmetic company which is mainly based on the vegetables materials for the product. So this company is completely maintaining the societal marketing concept. British American Tobacco Company also conducts the plantation of the trees for maintaining the societal marketing concept (Douglas, et al.2007). The main strategies as well as the purpose of the socio marketing strategy include: Consumer health: in this it discusses how any of the organization needs to meet all the basic needs of the consumer in order to do the consideration of the long term materials on the basis of the society. On the basis of this, the basic concern for the society mainly based on the position of the company, profits etc. Eco-friendly type marketing: in order to describe the eco-friendly type this mainly emphasized on the basis of the organic products as well as the recycled products in doing the day to day basis of the operations of doing the business. Fig: Marketing concept To do the marketing of the products of the Apple the organization is using the holistic concept of the marketing. The holistic concept of the marketing is mainly involves with all the interconnected activities of the marketing so that it can ensure the customer to do the purchase of the products instead of the competition of the market (Agrawal, and Lal, 2007). In order of doing the development of the strategic vision in the relation of the marketing there are some of the key points which the Apple needs to be considered in doing the formulation of the long term goals are given below (Cannon et al.2008): Identification of the trends: By doing the identification of the trends of digital consumerism the PC industry becomes highly customized, jobs become able to customize the visualization of the strategy of the product which meets the consumer needs (Deane, et al.2007). To expose this type of the facts the companies needs to look after some of the important things which include the strategic groups of the organization, the buyer group, the scope of the determined services and the products and also the emotional and the functional orientations of the industry (Carpenter et al.2009). Competitors analysis: After doing the research when it finds that the market share of the Apple is losing and also cannibalize the sales due to the strict policy, jobs contract with the Microsoft in doing the development of the products and also in the same time in making the decision to do the proper utilization of the Intel chips in the computers which enables the Apple in doing the innovation of the laptops which have the facility of the going faster and the less power consumption. With the elaborate understanding of the competition, it will be easy to partner with the competitors in the ay which is not only beneficial but also advantageous (Coviello et al.2008). Innovation: In order to follow the creation model and also by keeping focus on the wants and the needs of the consumers instead of just doing the improvement of the existing product, Apple can re think about the product line and also can do the invention of the new products which can re defines the traditional limits of the market. Innovation also helps in doing the high up-front of the market share and also the profit margin (Connell, 2008). Positioning the product: Because of the easily replication of the computer systems and the related products it becomes important to find the ways to do the extension of the life of the products with the complementary offerings as the re-invention (Corstjens, et al.2008). Building the brand awareness: By utilizing the creative campaigns and also the non-traditional channels of advertising for Mac brand, Apple builds the awareness on a different strategy which helps in maintaining the brand awareness of the Apple (Coviello, et al.2008). Optimization of the distribution: Apple needs to re organize the distribution system in order to move out from the smaller outlets to the national level of the chains. To increase the distribution they also open their own retail stores which also provide the opportunity to the users and the customers to learn, experiments and also the needs to give the test drive with the products of the (Apple et al.2009). Dont forget the customer: Apple is also known as superior in the field of the customer service. They also maintain the customer service representation by doing the online function of chat and also by receiving of the answer of the inquiry. To create and also to sustain the superior model of the customer service, the advantages of the competitions can be achieved more easily (Dant, 2009). Now days the offering of the additional services with the product becomes the most common things to achieve of the differentiation of the brand and the competitive advantages. For instance, Apple differentiates form the other brand by having the retailing outlet which allows the superior type of the customer services. They also offer the face to face technical support to their customers. To enhance the value proposition Apple give the chance to practice the interactive marketing by doing the engagement between the customers and the employees. They also use the interactive type of the marketing to strengthen the bond with the customers (Dick, et al.2007). Conclusion To conclude the whole study about the contemporary issues of the marketing concept it discusses the detailed analytic view of all the stages of the marketing concepts along with the basic of the examples (Darke, et al.2008). In the second part it discusses about the concept of the marketing strategy which is used by the organization (Aaker, 2010). In doing the discussion of the market strategy of the organization it also include the discussion of all the positioning as well as the analysis which is mainly on the basis of the competitors. References Books Aaker, D. (2010) Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives. 6th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Adcock, D. (2010) Marketing: Principles and practice. 4th ed. London, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publication. Beamish, K. and Ashford, R. (2012) CIM Course book 07/08 Marketing Planning. 3rd ed. New York: Free Press. Beck, T. (2010) The United States Social Networking Market. 3rd ed. London: Thomson. Beamish, K. and Ashford, R. (2012) CIM Course book 07/08 Marketing Planning. 3rd ed. New York: Free Press. Beck, T. (2010) The United States Social Networking Market. 3rd ed. London: Thomson. Chernev, A. (2010) Strategic marketing management. 7th ed. Bedford, London: Thomson Learning. Codita, R. (2010) Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization, 2nd ed. USA: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dalgic, T. (2010) Handbook of niche marketing: principles and practice. 4th ed. California: Random House. Dalrymple, D. (2008) Marketing Management: text and cases. 7th ed. Bedford, London: Thomson Learning. Dayal, R. (2010) Marketing Management. 3rd ed. London: Thomson. Doyle, P. and Stern, P. (2010) Marketing Management and Strategy. 7th ed. Hoboken N.J: Wiley. Ferrell, O. C. and Hartline, M. (2010) Marketing Strategy. 5th ed. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Guiltinan, J. (2010) Marketing Management: Strategies and programs. 5th ed. London: Chapman and Hall. Journal Agrawal, D. and Lal, R. (2007) Contractual Arrangements in Franchising: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Marketing Research 32(3): 213221. Brownlie, D. (2007) Marketing Audits and Auditing: Diagnosis Through Intervention, Journal of Marketing Management, 12, 99-112. Cannon, J. P. and Homburg, C. (2008) Buyer-supplier relationships and customer firm costs, Journal of Marketing, 65(1), 2943. Carpenter, J. M. and Fairhurst, A. (2009) Consumer shopping value, satisfaction and loyalty for retail apparel brands. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 9 (3), 256-269. Connell, S. (2008) Travel broadens the mind The case for international research. International Journal of Market Research, 44 (1), 97106. Corstjens, M. and Lal, R. (2008) Building store loyalty through store brands. Journal of Marketing Research, 37 281-291. Coviello, N. E. and Winklhofer, H. (2008) Contemporary Marketing Practices Research Program: A Review of the First Decade, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 23 (2), 84-94 Danaher, P. J. and Johnston, W. J. (2009) How Firms Relate to Their Markets: An Empirical Examination of Contemporary Marketing Practices, Journal of Marketing, 66 (3), 33-46. Dant, S. P. (2009) Ownership Structure in Franchising: The Effect of Transaction Cost, Production Costs and Strategic Considerations, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 6(1): 5375. Darke, P. R., Ashworth, L. and Ritchie, R. J. B. (2008) Damage from corrective advertising: Causes and cures. Journal of Marketing, 72(6), 8197. Dawar, N. and Philip P. (2008) "Marketing Universals: Consumers' Use of Brand Name, Price, Physical Appearance, and Retailer Reputation as Signals of Product Quality."' Journal of Marketing, 58, 81-95. Deane, R., McDougall, P.P. and Gargeya, V.B. (2007) Manufacturing and marketing interdependence in the new venture firm: an empirical study. Journal of Operations Management, 10 (3), 329343 Dick, A. S. and Basu, K. (2007) Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 99113. Douglas, S. P. and Craig, C. S. (2007) "Evolution of global marketing strategy: scale, scope and synergy," Columbia Journal of World Business, 24(3), pp. 47-59. Eggert, A. and Ulaga, W. (2006) Customer-perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets?, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 17(2/3), pp. 107-125. Eggert, A. and Ulaga, W. (2006), Customer-perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets?, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 17, pp. 107-125. Erevelles, S. (2008) Advertising Strategy in China: An Analysis of Cultural And Regulatory Factors, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 15(1), 91-123. Farahmand, N. F. ((2011) Organizational marketing planning by management educated managers, African Journal of Marketing Management 3(8), pp. 178-187 Farrell, M.A. (2005) The effect of a market-oriented organisational culture on sales-force behaviour and attitudes. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 13(4), 261 273 Greenley, G.E. and Bayus, B.L. (2007) Marketing planning decision making in UK and US companies: an empirical study, Journal of Marketing Management, 9, 155-72. Gruca, T. S. and Rego, L. L. (2009) Customer Satisfaction, Cash Flow and Shareholder Value, Journal of Marketing, 69 (July), 11530 Hooley, G.J., Lynch, J.E. and Shepperd, J. (2007) The marketing concept: putting theory into practice, European Journal of Marketing, 24(9) 7-23. Horstmann, I. J. and Moorthy, S. (2008) Advertising Spending and Quality for Services: The Role of Capacity, Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 1 (3), 33765. Hunt, S. D. and Morgan, R. M. (2007) The comparative advantage theory of competition, Journal of Marketing, 59, 2, pp .115 Javalgi, R. and White, D.S. (2002) Strategic challenges for the marketing of services internationally. International Marketing Review 19 (6), 563581.

Research Methods Wal-Mart - Pepsi - HP - L Oreal

Question: For this assignment, you will build on your assignment from last week and further explore how you might examine your research problem using a qualitative methodology. Respond to the following questions: How might fieldwork and observation be used to answer your research questions? What role would fieldnotes play in this process? How might interviewing be used to answer your research questions? Would you use face-to-face interviews or electronic interviews? Why or why not? Would you interview participants individually or in a group? Why or why not? What are the advantages and disadvantages to using interviews to collect your data? . Discuss ethical issues to consider with these qualitative data collection methods. It is also important to consider how you might code the potential data you collect. Krathwohl (2009) lists 14 steps to consider in coding and analysis. Reflect how each step would apply/be used in the hypothetical research scenario you have been considering. Answer: Research Problem: Many companies have adopted the method of advertising to promote their brand. This action is also used by Wal-Mart, Pepsi, HP, LOreal, etc. A huge investment is seen to be made by them to perform this activity. Among the various tools of advertising, the leading way of reaching the customers with quality goods and services is through advertising. The main question that arises in this research is that inspite of having a dominant position in the market do they really require invest in advertising (Arthur, 2012). The cost related to advertisement and marketing is a separate cost and for this monopoly has nothing to do in this regard. To understand the problem we need to look into the benefits of marketing and advertisement. Marketing of products helps us to communicate and know who the prospective customers are. After knowing, the owner will promote the brand as per that. This is done, so the users of the product get accustomed to the product and does not move to any other product. The LOreal Company has used the method of communication to get hold of customers. The market share of the company has amplified and is considered a renowned cosmetic brand. Advertising has also fetched the company with huge customer holding. The other negative thing that goes unnoticed is the way the cost of the company is escalating with the rise in expenditure on advertising (Barbour, 2008). This would likely reduce the profit of the company. The research focuses on whether continued advertisement a good method of marketing. With more rivals in the market LOreal is facing competition from Avon, Revlon, and Unilever etc. in order to maintain the market share and dominant position it should adopt strategies that will help in retaining its competitive situation (Bazeley Jackson, 2013). The strategy that can be adopted is the advertising and marketing techniques for maintaining the present success and sustainability. Purpose: The main purpose of this research is to see the following: Whether Advertising holds important for the company. Importance of the continued spending in advertising and marketing activities. Analyzing the affects of the consequences of limited activity related to advertisement and marketing. Research Question: What is the amount of money that is needed by the company LOreal to invest in advertising and marketing? What are the actions that the company LOreal needs to take up for implementing the advertising and marketing techniques? Why is it seen that the company LOreal is still appending money on advertising and marketing? Usage of Field Work and Observation: In this research, we use the qualitative method of research with the focus on descriptive research. A field research is conducted to analyze which group of customers are the potential ones. The tool that was used for the purpose of conducting the survey was the use of Questionnaire (Carlsen Dutton, 2011). The questionnaire has some important question that pertained mainly towards our research questions. The focus was on the age group of 24-30 this is because this group is more likely to use cosmetic products. The manager of the company is to be also interviewed in this regard (Krathwohl, 2009). When the customers are being questioned on their preferences of a product, we get to know their choices. This will help the company to decide to on which product they will focus on advertising and marketing (Savin-Baden Major, 2012). The company will also ensure better technology and research and development be made on the product. The questionnaire provides a true picture of the market scen ario. The other analysis that is to be made is whether there is any variation in the operation of the company in different geographical areas. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Observations: The advantages of using this observation are: The collection of data is done related to the issue of the research, and so the data is collected from the customers who are the users of LOreal product or is likely to use one in future. The researcher has some control on the research. The size of the sample observation and the project size are decided by the researcher. This gives flexibility and the result achieved is also fair enough. There is no use of secondary research where money is to be spent. Moreover, primary data collection has a greater degree of originality (Cox Donnelly, 2011). This makes the outcome better one. The information collected is maintained in the company databases so that it can be reviewed further in the future. Disadvantages: The observation that has been collected might not hold a good picture. The customers might also make fake comments then research does not provide a clear picture. There might be the candidate in the sample who does not fall in the age group we have considered so there might be biased results. There is no assurance that the person being interviewed will be further inclined to buy LOreal products future. Purpose of Interview: The customers in the research are to be directly interviewed by the interviewer. When the researcher interviews the candidates directly, then he gets responses of the unadulterated form (Denzin Lincoln ,2005). The interview also was conducted on the managers of the company to know their methods marketing strategies and whether they are considering their profit levels as well. The other way of interviewing is through sending questionnaires through emails (Denzin Lincoln, 2000). When emails are sent to the customers, we may or may not get their feed backs. There are also chances that the papers are filled in by someone else. The research will be conducted by using the face to face method (Silverman, 2005). This will let us know that the data being collected from the people are genuine and also let us know that they are companys future customers. There are basically two sects that are to be interviewed i.e. the managers to know the importance of investment in advertisement and marketi ng and the customers to know their product preferences. The customers are to be interviewed by noting their responses in the questionnaire and the managers were interrogated through face to face interview (Roth, 2005). When the customers are interviewed individually the opinions are likely to differ and these give us a true picture. Benefits and Disadvantages of Interview to Collect Data: The advantages that are associated with interview mode for data collection are: When there is any mistake done or there is any misunderstanding arising on the part of the interviewer than the problems can be resolved when there is a face to face interview (Feinstein, 2002). When the interviewer takes interview then he develops a cordial relationship as well as cooperation with the interviewee (Hahn, 2008) . This helps the interviewee to provide their information more accurately when they gain assurance from the side of the interviewer. The candidates are chosen depending on the suitability for the interview process (Hatch, 2002). This will help the interviewer to get detailed information on the research. The data collected by the interviewer is of the fresh form and can be changed as per the requirement of the interviewer. Interview is the least expensive form of communication mode. The method of problem interview is used to solve the issues that are faced during the interview. Interview can be organized any time according to the convenience of interviewer and the interviewee. Disadvantages of carrying out interview are: There might arise in the process that suitable candidates are not available and so the research results also do not show a true picture. There is no evidence to the data that is collected so this might lead to confusion in the future. The interviewees lack of attention during the time of interview might create a fallacy in the research result. There are several cases where the interviewed person may not be associated with the research. The data collected will therefore mislead the interviewer in arriving to a particular conclusion. Ethical Issues to Be Considered In the Qualitative Mode of Data Collection: While conducting research there are some ethics that is to be followed so that the research can be completed without hazard. The ethics that are to be followed are: Harmless approach: This is the cornerstone of any ethical conduct. There might be a fear in the participants that they might be harmed while they are into the research process (Rice, 2007). The researcher must assure the participants that they will be safe in the research process. Confidentiality: The researcher must assure the interviewee that their information will not be leaked to any other source. Friendship: A cordial relationship with the participants will help in gaining confidence of the participants. Coding and Analysis: There are two types of coding that is associated with the qualitative research process. These are the open coding and axial coding (Tesch, 2013). With open coding is the preliminary level of coding. This will help in analyzing different concepts and categories in the data. This helps in the basic unit of analysis in the research (Hollway Jefferson, 2000). This will help in the categorization of the problem into two levels i.e. first and the second level. The researcher uses highlights to distinguish between concepts and the categories. Open code analysis will be used in the research. References: Arthur, J. (2012).Research methods and methodologies in education. London: Sage publications. Barbour, R. (2008).Introducing qualitative research. Los Angeles: London. Bazeley, P., Jackson, K. (2013).Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Carlsen, A., Dutton, J. (2011).Research alive. Liber: Copenhagen Business School Press. Cox, D., Donnelly, C. (2011).Principles of applied statistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Denzin, N., Lincoln, Y. (2000).Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Denzin, N., Lincoln, Y. (2005).The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Feinstein, A. (2002).Principles of medical statistics. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman Hall/CRC. Hahn, C. (2008).Doing qualitative research using your computer. Los Angeles [Calif.]: SAGE. Hatch, J. (2002).Doing qualitative research in education settings. Albany: State University of New York Press. Hollway, W., Jefferson, T. (2000).Doing qualitative research differently. London: SAGE. Krathwohl, D. (2009).Methods of educational and social science research. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Merriam, S., Merriam, S. (2009).Qualitative research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Ng, W., Coakes, E. (2013).Business research. London: Kogan Page. Rice, J. (2007).Mathematical statistics and data analysis. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. Roth, W. (2005).Doing qualitative research. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Savin-Baden, M., Major, C. (2012).Qualitative research. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Silverman, D. (2005).Doing qualitative research. London: Sage Publications. Tesch, R. (2013).Qualitative research. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Data Models of Accounting Information Systems Essay Example

Data Models of Accounting Information Systems Essay In Accounting Information Systems, the object is the economic entrepreneur and the information store which is needed in a structural way so the data may be consistent and integrated. Reality modeling of the components around the economic unit is very important for building an obedient system which stores the information ABA the economic unit. In the beginning of Accounting Information Systems modeling of the data was made by materializing the processes of the economic unit into process which the computer may process fast and with fewer errors than humans. This model didnt take into consideration the Truckee of traditional data of the discipline of accounting. They stored the model intact as it was described by Bacilli during Renaissance. The Conservatism really the half accounting profession. So the the change from a stable model and hashishs appendicitis in use numeration millennium in a new model would not be easy accepted from the community unless the new model wasnt clear enough and usable. The Traditional Model uses statements to prevent errors and repetitions in computing. As the computers do the calculations very fast and without error there is no need for these statements. So the statements are just converted virtual views that contains the information processed and is viewed as man times as the user need. Beginning from the years 1975 until the beginning of 80 a number of change happened in the Celled of data modeling in general and in the modeling of data in Accounting Information Systems. AREA Model In 1979 William E. McCarthy on his thesis An entity-Relationship View of Accounting Models introduced a model which is now implemented in the most famous ASS and ERP. Etc. Importance can be given to the Clinician information system (e. G. ERP) which doesnt eve anything from traditional system. The procedure which is recommended to be taken while building an ASS model is: His suppose was based on the postulate: ASS may be naturally simulated on a relational database which contains real world entity and relations between these entities. In his thesis he emphasized the need to not be focused on the model: Transaction Table + Double Entry Principle which restraint the 3. . Identification of classified entities in Agents, Events and Resources. The building of an E-R diagram which will expose the meaning of these entities and relations between them. Definition of entities characteristics and of the relationships between them, classified by the demands of the different PDF Double Entry Principle -? which restraint the information of the entrepreneur in only one as- sided by the demands Of the different level users. 423 Data Models of Accounting Information Systems AREA vs.. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Models of Accounting Information Systems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Data Models of Accounting Information Systems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Data Models of Accounting Information Systems specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer IAC Sigil Hexagram, Aimed Faith Errors 4. Organization of results from the preview- process as the only way of his enhancement. Us Steps in the tables and identification AREA presents the fundamental change in the of their unique characteristics (Keys). Tat modeling of ASS, so it presents ASS itself. AREA model is the base of all other models of Information Identity]action and protection in ASS and there have been a lot of his versions, this 1 . Model is done by following these steps: Event 2. Sources which are consumed or added by this event 3. Internal Agents 4. External Agents for example: AREA-L which. Adds the entity: Locations to the AREA -model, The main rules are: 1. Every Event is connected to at least one Source from which it differ 2. Every Event is connected to at least one other Event. 3. Every Event is connected to at least two Double Entry Principle Consistency Agents (The economic duality principle). McCarthy is being thanked in a lot of books about ASS as the person who had the courage to think different from the others. Double Entry Principle seems that it makes a lot of information redundancy, but in fact this doesnt happen. This principle means that we have to register at the same time the taking or letting of a good or service with the corresponding balanced amount In money or credit of the taking or letting. There isnt redundancy; these arent different actions but complementary ones. Figure 1: Process example A schematic presentation of the above rules for a process example. Basing on the AREA cycles model of ASS, they would be presented in this way.

These 7 jobs require very little experience

These 7 jobs require very little experience Maybe you’re desperate for a job and have had trouble finding one that fits your life. Maybe you’re fresh out of high school with a very short resume. Maybe you’re looking for a career change and want something totally new. The trouble is, everything out there is asking for â€Å"3-5 years† experience and you have none. You ask yourself how you’re supposed to get that experience without getting hired first†¦ and then you beat your head against your desk. Don’t despair! Here are 7 perfectly respectable jobs that will hire you with little-to-no experience. Some will give you on-the-job training and some will ask you to take a course before you begin, but all you can approach as a newbie.1. Delivery PersonIf you can drive and possess a valid license and a clean driving record, you can deliver. Most delivery jobs only require a high school diploma (or equivalent) to get started. Though this job can be tiring and physically demanding, you can expect to make an average of $13 an hour and work flexible hours.2. Bill CollectorAs long as you have your high school diploma or equivalent and a good phone manner, you could make an hourly rate of more than $15 an hour by working for third-party collection agencies. Most organizations do not require prior experience and offer on-the-job training.3. BartenderYou’ll probably need to attend some sort of bartending school, but once you do, you can make great money (an average of $10/hr, but before tips) making and serving drinks.4. School Bus DriverIf you have a clean driving (and criminal) record and the patience to hang out with children two times a day, then you can make an average of $15/hr driving them to and from school. This job might even come with decent benefits in some school districts.5. Real Estate BrokerThis one will take a little start-up money and a lot of legwork to get started, but can be a great career path. All you need is to take a course and pass a test t o get your license. Then there’s another test to become a full-fledged broker on your own. But you can work for yourself, design your own hours, and make a national average of $56k per year.6. Human Resources AssistantGain your own experience behind the scenes at a company by working for an HR department. Good administrative skills and customer service manner are very helpful, but in many places you’ll only really need a high school diploma or equivalent beyond those basic skills. The money is decent (national average is $15/hr) and you have the opportunity to work your way up the ladder.7. Library TechYes, libraries are still a thing. And being a librarian takes years of school and multiple degrees, but being a library technician  usually doesn’t. Assist the head librarians in organizing, ordering new materials, shelving books and magazines, and helping patrons. You’ll want to buff up on your people and computer skills, but otherwise you’ll only need your diploma in many places to get hired and make an average of $14/hr.

A Discussion of Punk Rock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Discussion of Punk Rock - Research Paper Example This essay "A Discussion of Punk Rock" outlines the origin and the influence of this genre on the music's history. Music is a uniquely universal phenomenon. Across the ocean a different explanation comes for the United States. Although all inspired by similar bands and sounds, it was the mid to late 60s in Detroit and New York that saw the true birth of Punk Rock. Bands like MC5 in Detroit and Velvet Underground in New York set the precedent for the future of Punk Rock. (Cooper, 2013) Within a few short years dozens of bands appeared, both in the United States and Britain, bringing differing, new sounds, and styles all contributing to the Punk Rock movement. Until the late 1970s Punk Rock remained primarily underground. However, with bands like the Ramones and The Sex Pistols the rest of the world began to take notice. The sounds of Punk Rock are hard to ignore or overlook. It is a loud, angry, and rebellious sound. Defying the laws of music. Punk Rock taught â€Å"would be† P unk Rock artists that it is not necessary to play instruments well or have the ability to genuinely sing. It was more about the message that you are trying to convey (Youngs, 2002).Guitars with harsh cords, drums pounding, and a vocalist whose screaming lyrics are, often, unintelligible to a first time listener. this is part of the reason that Punk Rock can be so hard to define. At its core all Punk Rock shares hard edged, rebellious, and regularly conveyed loathing of the establishment and society as a whole (Cooper, 2013). To grasp the unique differences it would be advisable to acknowledge the different bands that hold the

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for Essay

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human Settlements - Essay Example The research methodology employed assisted in obtaining data relating to the current business processes in the Department of Human Settlements (DHS), that is to capture the functional requirements of the system and the users’ perceptions of the proposed system to develop an internet based housing demand database system for the KwaZulu-Natal DHS for improved housing service provisioning. Cooper and Schindler state that the research design is necessary for fulfilling research objectives and answering research questions. Research design indicates the techniques to be used in gathering data, the type of sampling to be used and how to deal with time and cost constraints, hence the need to focus on a specific research design. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill explain that there are two approaches to research, each with its own underlying philosophy and views namely, the quantitative approach and qualitative approach. According to Neill, quantitative research is a type of approach that a ssigns numerical data to answers, confirms evidence and produces findings based on fixed closed questions. He adds that qualitative data sets are made up of non-numerical material such as transcripts or audio-recordings of interviews, field notes of researcher observations, records of conversations, and any kind of social text such as books, newspapers and advertisements. Qualitative research is typically used to answer questions about the complex nature of phenomena often with the purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena from the participant’s point of view. ... Qualitative research allowed the researcher to identify the users’ view of the system and also allowed the researcher the opportunity to understand the users’ personal experience of the system. The following section discusses the target population of the study. 3.4Target Population According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), the population is the full set of cases from which the sample is drawn. The target population for this study was the employees of the housing demand database section, municipality employees and the IT section of the DHS. The target population for the study comprised of 70 individuals. As it was impossible to focus on the entire population, it was necessary to use a sample to obtain the relevant data. 3.5 Sampling According to Welman and Kruger (2005:18), great care should be taken to obtain a representative sample in order to prevent a biased result. There are two types of sampling namely probability and non-probability sampling. Welman and K ruger (2005: 56) explain that in the case of probability sampling, the probability that any element or member of the population will be included in the sample can be determined, whereas in non-probability sampling by contrast, this probability cannot be specified. This study used a non-probability sampling method. The advantage of non-probability sampling is that it is less complicated and more economical in terms of time and cost. The researcher opted for this sampling technique as this allowed her to focus on specific individuals that were familiar with the system (Saunders et al., 2009:237). To develop an IT system, it was necessary to gather the requirements from the users of the system such as data capturers, administrative staff, managers of

DFS Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DFS Group - Essay Example DFS Group DFS is one of largest luxury travel retailer operators on a global level that offers products across different segments of luxury products such as fashion, accessories, beauty products and perfumes, jewelry and watches as well as alcoholic beverages and tobacco. The assortment of their products covers over 700 of the world’s top brands that the traveling segment of customers prefers most. The company operates through their stores in airports as well as Luxury T Galleria in downtown area Department Stores. In total, they operate over 420 locations worldwide in ideal tourist locations. Founded in 1962 by Robert Miller and Charles Feeney, with the first duty free store at Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong, the company has cherished a vision of offering travelers quality merchandise, a local experience and exceptional services. This novel idea of all in one place helped attract many customers in the ever evolving travel industry. Chan (2013) notes that DFS Group, an opera tor of duty-free shops controlled by LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA (MC), currently has plans to open their first stores in Europe to cater to Chinese consumers who travel there frequently. DFS brings together topnotch brands and customer tailored services in a sophisticated and pleasant shopping setting for travelers across the world. Similarly, the outlets of DFS serve as luxury shopping destinations in downtown locations. On the other hand, the airport stores of DFS provide ultimate convenience for customers traveling to different nations on a daily basis.

Local Area Network Protocol Standards Information Technology Essay

Local Area Network Protocol Standards Information Technology Essay Local area network referred to a network that works inside a building such as office, company and home office. LAN are used in small geographical area. LAN is capable in transferring data in a very fast speed that can up to 10Mbps in limited network distance. There are two types of network architecture that can be implemented in the local area network, peer-to-peer networking and client-server networking. The common types of connections that used in LAN are Ethernet and Token Ring. LAN Standards and Protocols Each network has its own rules and standards. Therefore, protocols are use in network technology to govern the communication between network and network. There are many different kinds of protocols, the most common protocol used in the OSI data link layer in LAN are Ethernet and Token Ring. Ethernet Ethernet is the most well-known type of local area network that most widely installed in offices, home offices and companies. The standard of an Ethernet is IEEE 802.3. Ethernet normally are used coaxial cable and sometimes different grades of twisted-pair cable as the transmission medium. Token Ring Token Ring is a network that connects computers in a star or ring topology. It is originally developed by IBM Company. There will have a token ring that passed through the network to allow computers to access the network. The standard for Token Ring network is IEEE 802.5. A token bit will move around the ring from computer to another computer. If the computer wants to transmit a data, the data will attach to the token and pass to the next computer. It has to keep passing through computers in the network until it comes to the destination. If the computer doesnt want to transmit any data, the token ring will just pass to the next computer. Ethernet Token Ring Advantages Cost Effective Flexible to use in star and bus topologies Simplicity of installation Scalable, support upgrade Allow packets to take turns to transmit, avoid collision. Disadvantages System will down during the heavy traffic in the network. Needs proper network planning before installed. Difficult to install. Not cost effective. Justification After comparing both Ethernet and Token Ring, I had chosen Ethernet as the LAN protocol for the network. The very main reason of using Ethernet is because of its availability and popularity in todays network system. Secondly, it is simple to install and its scalability support upgrades in future. This is very important for the company as the company is still developing and probably will be adding more workers in the future. Thirdly, the speed of Ethernet is fast and can support transfer speed from 1Mbps up to 100Mbps. Wide Area Network (WAN) Wide area network referred to a network that connecting multiples of LAN network together in a wide range. The distance range of a WAN can be between country and country. A very good example of WAN is the Internet. WAN are connected using a router. A router can help to choose the most suitable path for a connection to reach to the destination. WAN are categorised into two main ways which is circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit Switching Circuit Switching is a connection will be establish between 2 network nodes before they can start transmitting data. The bandwidth is only dedicated for the particular connection. The connection will be terminated after the data transmission ends. Examples for circuit switching are the telephone networks. Packet Switching In packet switching, data is broken up into packets before transmitted to the destination. There is a destination address and sequencing information in every packet. When reaching at destination node, the packets need to be reassembled. Justification Leased lines will be used in the proposed network. Leased lines normally are used in private networks. Advantages of using a leased line is because it is dedicated for private use only, people from other network will not have the chance to access the leased line. The disadvantage of using leased lines is it is very expensive compare to other WAN standards. Therefore, the transferring speed when connect each office in WAN is very fast and reliable. Leased lines connection is available 24 hours every day. Therefore, it is very suitable to Internet Connection In order of to connect the users to the Internet in the network, we need to have an internet connection to access the Internet. In here, I choose Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) for the company. SDSL provides the equal bandwidth for downstream and upstream for the connection. This is very suitable for business companies because they have big usage on uploading information to the Internet and also download information from the Internet. Here, we used T1 line which is 1.54Mbps with the SDSL for the internet connection of the company. SDSL will require a modem in order to connect to the Internet. The modem will be provided by the local service provider. Networks Architecture Peer to peer networking Peer to peer networking is defined as a type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (About.com, 2010). Small Scale Peer to peer networking is a network architecture which designed for small scale business that can support 10-15 numbers of users. Therefore, if the company is having a plan to upgrade the network in the future, peer to peer networking definitely is not suitable for the company. Resource Sharing Secondly, peer to peer networking doesnt have the ability of sharing files, printers, projectors and etc. Therefore, if the company uses peer to peer networking, they probably have issues on resources sharing. Data Redundancy Thirdly, as in terms of peer, means there is no centralized server for the network, each computer works as individual. As a result, it is difficult for user to retrieve data and synchronize data as the data are stored separately at different computers. Advantages Disadvantages No dedicated administrator. No security on the network No dedicated server required.   No centralization on network Each workstation has individual resources.   Limited numbers of user. Cost effective Too many passwords to remember Client-server networking Client-server describes a type of computer application architecture within network computing that designates tasks between clients that instigate requests and servers that process requests. (E-How.com, 2010) Centralization In client-server networking, information are stored in a centralized server and allows ten computers or above to access them and share information throughout the network. Centralization also makes the finding of resources easier as all the resources are stored in a centralized server. Scalability Scalability is also one of the important fact in client-server network. Using this architecture, the network is able to scale to a certain numbers of users and also can expand in the future if needed. Security Thirdly, security is no more an issue in client-server networking because only qualified user with valid login username and password can access to the system. Advantages Disadvantages Scalability can support upgrade. Not cost effective due to the high price of server. Higher efficiency and optimization. Dependability on server. If any point of the server fails, the system will be facing failure. Centralised network, resources, users are control through the server. Need to maintain by high skill technician, hence higher maintenance fees. Flexibility, new technology can be integrated into the network easily. Will be suffering from congestion during heavy traffic. Justification After comparing both peer-to-peer networking and client-server networking, the architecture that would best suits the company is client-server networking. Considering the company is still growing and probably having expansion of networking in the future, the number of staffs in the company in the range of 35-40 users, the scalability, flexibility, centralization and security characteristic of client-server network are the best choice. Topology Star Topology The star topology is the most common network topology that most home and office are using. Computer and other devices in star topology are connected to the center and attached on a small device called the central hub. The central hub plays the role of a switch to control the flow from the source machine to the destination machine. The central can either be a hub, router or switch. Mesh Topology Every computer and device in this topology will have a dedicated link to each device. They are connected using point-to-point. If a network has n device, then the network will have n (n-1)/2 link connected to each device. Bus Topology Bus topology is a network that connects all computers in a single backbone. The backbone functions as a sharing platform where all devices in the network can use the backbone to transfer data. Ring Topology In ring topology, computers and devices are connected with the device on the both side of it and forms a ring shape. A signal will be passed along the ring shape in only one direction from one to another till it reaches its destination. The device in the ring topology incorporates with a repeater to regenerate the signal and passed them through the network. Topology Cable Media Advantages Disadvantages Star Twisted Pair Fiber Optic Easy to install because of its simplicity. Easy to install, replace or remove computers or other devices during expansion When one node fails, it wont affect the other nodes. Fully dependent on the central hub, when the hub fails the whole network will fail. Need a lot of cabling to connect many computers. Mesh Twisted Pair Coaxial Has dedicated link to each computer Easy to identify the fault node. Lack of centralization. Data redundancy at each computer. Bus Twisted Pair Coaxial Fiber Optic Less cabling Low cost Easy to extend System will slow down during heavy network traffic If the back bone failed, it will affect the whole system Ring Twisted Pair Easy in installing or reconfiguring If one node fails, the whole network will be affected Difficult to add new nodes to the network. Difficulty in troubleshooting. Justification In this assignment, we were asked to determine a suitable topology that the ICT Resources Malaysia Public Limited Company will be need within the office. Therefore, after doing a lot of researches in network topologies, we finally decided to choose star bus hybrid topology as the companys topology. Hybrid topology Hybrid topologies basically is a topology which combines two type or more than two types of basic topology and inherits their advantages and make it more powerful and usable compare to using only one type of topology. Advantages Disadvantages Hybrid topology are customize designed to meet the requirement of the network. Nodes in the network can be expanded and removed easily. Combines the simplicity and fault tolerance from bus and star topologies. Can find out the failed node when a node is not working and carried out diagnostic test without affect the other part of the network. Some specific device in hybrid topology might not suitable to use in other network topology and they become not reusable. Transmission Medium Transmission media allows a connection between sender and receiver. Transmission medium are categorized into two main categories which is guided media and unguided media. Twisted pair cable Twisted pair cable is a type of wire that twists together in pairs. The reason why the cable is being twisted together is to decrease the electromagnetic interference and noise that affect the data transmission along the cable. Twisted pair cable has two different categories, Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable is a type of cable that contains a copper conductor in the center. It also has a metal foil layer and braid which both is covered by an outer conductor. The metal foil layer helps to block interference that will affect the cable. The coaxial cable carries a higher frequency signal compares to twisted pair cables. Coaxial cables are categorized by the radio government rating which called the RG numbers. Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cables have glass conductors in its center. Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data instead of using electricity signal. It uses reflection to guide light travels along the channel. Fiber optic has two propagation mode, single mode and multi-mode. Multi-mode has two forms which are step index and graded index. Twisted Pair Coaxial Fibre Optic Frequency 100Hz-5MHz 100Khz-500MHz Bandwidth 4mbps 100mbps 10Mbps- 600Mbps Up to 2Gbps Advantages Reduce noise and cross talks Cost effective Readily available Flexible Lighter weight compare to other media. Easy to install Higher bandwidth Less vulnerable to interference than twisted pair Resistance to noise Less signal attenuation Higher Bandwidth Disadvantages Vulnerable to signal distortion. Low bandwidth. Expensive to purchase Bulky compared to twisted pair. Very expensive. Difficulty in installation or maintenance Need skillful technician for maintenance. Fragility- Glass fiber inside the cable are easily broken Justification UTP and Fibre Optic Cable are chosen for this network. The fibre optic cable will use as the back bone for the Ethernet and the UTP will be used as connecting the machines and devices in the network. The reason fiber optic cables are used as the back bone in Ethernet because it has a very high bandwidth. In bus topology, the bandwidth of the backbone will decrease during heavy traffic; therefore if using fiber optic cables, the bandwidth will increase and wont decrease easily. Fiber optic cable is highly security and not affect by electromagnetic interference. For the UTP, its weight is lighter compare to STP because it doesnt have the outer shield. Secondly, it is cost effective than using coaxial cable. Besides that, UTP has high availability in the market. When the cables are broken, replacement cable can be purchased from the market easily. Servers File Server File server is a central storage of a network. It provides access control for user to access files, folder in a same network. User can share files and information without physically transfer using USB drive or portable hard disk. FTP Server File transfer protocol server is one of the oldest of the Internet service. It provides security and transfer control in transferring files. Web Server Provide web access and web storage to the users on the network. Application Server Application server acts as a middleware of the back-end application of the network and the front-end user. It allows users access the applications which stored in the database. Print Server Print server allows users in a network to share printers. User can use any printer in the network to print files instead of connecting every computer with a printer. This will reduce the cost to buy printers. Database Server Database server is a server that stores database for a company in a server. Database servers do job such as analyzing data, data storage, data manipulation and etc. Email Server Email server responsible in receiving emails from the network and send out the email to the receivers in another network. Email servers use SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol) and POP3 (Post Office Protocol) when sending and receiving email. Protocols There are 5 protocols that I choose to apply in the network: HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is a protocol that used in accessing data in the Internet. It transfers information such as image, hypertext, audio, video and etc. It used the service of TCP to transfer information. HTTP is used in the application layer of the OSI model. DHCP Dynamic host control protocol is a protocol that will auto assigning dynamic IP address to the machines on the network. When a computer connects to the network, it will send a request to the DHCP Server and ask for IP assigning. Then the server will send an offer to the machine then the machine will accept the IP. The machine is then connected to the network. IP Internet Protocol is the most common protocol that used in the Internet. It is used in the network layer in the OSI model. Its job is to send data from one computer to another. Data are broken into packet and every packet contains a header and its own information. TCP TCP is a protocol that allows two hosts to make a connection and transferring data. It also guarantees the transfer of data packets and make sure they arrived at destination in the same order like they were sent out. It is in the transport layer of the OSI model. ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a protocol that used to test the response of destination. LAN Diagram WAN Diagram Floor Plan Ground Floor The departments that located in the ground floor are the Human Resource Department and the Sales and Marketing Department. The human resource department has 4 workers whereas the sales and marketing department has 6 workers. There are two printers in this floor. First floor First Floor The CEO and secretary room is located at the 1st floor. The server room of the network also located at the 1st floor. There are two other departments in this floor which are Operation Department and Financial Department. Each of the departments has six workers. There are two printers in this floor. Second Floor At the second floor, there are customer service department and IT department. Customer service department has 3 workers and IT Department has 6 workers. Limitation Security Although the network has a firewall to prevent network attack from hackers, it is still not good enough to fully blocking hackers from attacking the network. Therefore, the security of the network s Performance Performance of this network will be affected by the switches in the star topology. If the switches failed, the department will be affected. The performance of the network also will be affected by the backbone of the bus. Gantt chart

The Destruction of the Rainforest :: Environment Environmental Science

The Destruction of the Rainforest The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader of the destruction of the rainforest. In my paper I discuss many aspects of the rainforest. I explain what the rainforests are, and give a brief summary of the importance of the rainforests. I also give a description of the destruction of the rainforest, and how a person can help to save the rainforest. The rainforests are disappearing acres per minute, a number that grows so quickly it would be impossible to cite here because it would be outdated within a week. The rainforests are home to over half of the entire species of the world, which are being destroyed with the rainforests. Unlike the rainforest itself, which may appear to grow back, it will never be the rainforest it once was, and the species that were killed will never return again. Many of the species that have not yet been discovered may very likely cure cancer, AIDS, and many other diseases and viruses of today. If the rainforests disappear so will most of the population of the world. By the end of my paper the reader will know more about the horrifying destruction of the rainforest and how we can all work together to stop it. There are two different types of rainforests: tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are found in 85 countries around the world. They are located near the equator, where temperatures stay above 80 degrees Fahrenheit year round. These dense, damp forests occur in Latin and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Although they (tropical rainforests) cover just seven percent of the earth’s surface they can provide habitat for 50-90 percent of its animal species. In 1990, tropical rainforests totaled some 1.7 billion hectares (Forest Alliance of British Columbia, 1996). Half of the world’s rainforests lie within the borders of Brazil, Indonesia, and Zaire. Tropical rainforests have 3 layers: the forest floor, the understory, and the canopy. The forest floor has soil and is home to mainly insects although large mammals like gorillas and jaguars are also found there. Many smaller animals, including anteaters, lemurs, and tree kangaroos live in the understory. This is also where many small trees and shrubs are found.

The Sustainability Of The South African Coastal Environmental Sciences Essay

The sustainability of South Africa ‘s coastal systems is at hazard due to many lending factors and South Africa as a state has begun to take action. Sustainability is the ability to reap or utilize the resource without doing depletion or lasting harm. South Africa needs to aim the jobs and set into action the Torahs that will guarantee the sustainability of South Africa ‘s coastal ecosystems and resources. The South African coastline stretches for about 3000 kilometer from the north-west adust boundary line with Namibia, around the Cape to the booming Eastern St Lucia estuaries near the Mozambique boundary line. The coastline is rugged and exposed to high moving ridge energy. For most of the twelvemonth, there are air currents along the seashore. South Africa ‘s east seashore is characterised by comparatively warm H2O, whilst the West seashore has colder Atlantic H2O. In the South, intermediate temperatures are prevailing. The alimentary rich Waterss off the south West seashore support abundant marine life while a smaller measure of fish but a greater diverseness of species can be located off the E seashore. These available resources offer chances for South Africa ‘s hereafter development, both socially and economically. Like many other states, South Africa is going progressively cognizant of the importance of the proper direction of marine resources. Extreme force per unit area is being placed on the oceans by angling vass that are able to easy turn up and catch big sums of fish. In many cases, marine life, other than comestible fish, is being caught in the fishing cyberspaces and this is holding a negative impact on the sustainability of South Africa ‘s marine resources. Fishing is a primary economic activity in South Africa. The demand for resources has resulted in fish stocks being over harvested. The depletion of these resources has and will hold rough effects for the communities depending on them and the South African economic system in general. Rural countries where the communities rely on the usage of marine resources for their subsistence have increased force per unit area on these marine beginnings through the harvest home of fish, mussels, crayfish and ear-shell and therefore hold ad ded to the force per unit area on resources. Every twelvemonth, about 4000 ships pass the Cape of Good Hope. Due to the notoriously bad conditions conditions along the Cape seashore, the hazard of marine pollution additions, peculiarly from oil oilers. Due to the high figure of foreign ships dispatching their ballast H2O in South African ports, a figure of foreign invasive Marine beings have been introduced into the South Africa coastal Waterss. These invasive beings are replacing autochthonal beings, thereby puting utmost force per unit area on autochthonal beings which could finally ensue in the autochthonal beings vanishing from the South African seashore line wholly. The individual greatest subscriber to environmental alteration in the coastal zone of South Africa is population growing and related development. Much of the state ‘s coastal development revolves around seven big commercial ports including Cape Town, Durban and Richards Bay. The alteration in coastal land usage, through urban invasion, consequences in estuaries being placed under environmental strain from the environing land based home grounds. This strain frequently consequences in the closing of the estuaries and the impairment of marine H2O quality, which increases human wellness hazards because of sewerage, storm H2O and other wastewater being discharged into the estuaries. There are about 63 outflowing mercantile establishments located along the South African seashore. These mercantile establishments daily discharge a big volume of sewage and industrial waste into the sea. This causes bathing H2O and marine beings such as shrimps and mussels to go contaminated. Previously, there were legion provincial coastal development policies in topographic point in South Africa. This resulted in an uneffective scheme. In add-on, many offices were under staffed and underfunded which resulted in confused and contradictory attacks to coastal zone direction. This was exacerbated by the hold in O.K.ing support to pull off negative impacts on the coastal zone including the discharge of untreated sewerage along the shoreline. Although there has been extended research of South Africa ‘s coastal and marine systems, there are still many countries which have non yet been researched and which have resulted in many spreads in the scientific apprehension of these systems. Much of the bing information relates to piscaries including estuarial ecology. However, and although the alteration in coastal land usage is impacted on badly through urban invasion, this country of research is still dawdling behind. Marine diamond excavation along the west seashore of South Africa is being undertaken, in peculiar between the Orange River oral cavity and Lambert ‘s Bay. This excavation disrupts the seabed therefore upseting the bing home grounds of marine life. This break takes decennaries to retrieve and it is unknown whether these home grounds of all time return to their original province. Miners along the east seashore of South Africa besides mine a figure of heavy metals such as Ti. This excavation impacts negatively on and upset the sand dunes systems and estuaries. In peculiar, the damming of laguna H2O by the mineworkers adversely affects fish and crustaceans in the lagunas. South African ‘s duty and execution of policies to protect its coastal and Marine systems has historically been fragmented. However, and over the past figure of old ages, it has introduced environmental statute law and policies which have resulted in new Torahs to increase the functionality and sustainability of the South African coastal and marine systems. These Torahs and policies were introduced as a consequence of international legal duties placed on South Africa and South Africa recognizing that it has a responsible function to play in the direction and usage of its coastline and marine systems. The Torahs that have been introduced hence require more effectual and efficient direction of the seashore and marine systems. Included in the new Torahs which have been introduced, South Africa promulgated the National Environmental ; Integrated Coastal Management Act that became jurisprudence in December 2009. This jurisprudence is dedicated to guaranting the sustainability of Sou th Africa ‘s coastal and marine systems. The act besides makes mention to coordinated and incorporate direction of the coastal zones, and the saving, protection and extension of coastal public belongings. Apart from the coastal direction stairss, which have been taken, the Government of South Africa has established an estuarine research and direction unit to advance the direction of estuarial systems in South Africa. As the control of pollution at sea is besides an of import facet of continuing the coastal and marine systems in South Africa, South Africa has followed international tendencies and introduced statute law to command pollution at sea. This statute law has been extended to include an oil spillage program for the South African coastline to guarantee that in the event of there being an oil spill, that those who are responsible for battling oil spills along the seashore, are good placed to make so. Last, the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention empowers South Afric a to command all activities within its sole economic zone. This jurisprudence assists South Africa in cut downing the possible hazard of pollution along its coastline as it has the sole and sole authorization to modulate activities within this zone. South Africa needs to take action and do certain that many follow and abide by the Torahs put in topographic point Through the execution and enforcement of Torahs, South Africa will be able to take down the hazard of its sustainability of coastal resources and guarantee the safety of the state ‘s development.

The Big Secret to SAT Writing Strategies to Excel

The Big Secret to SAT Writing Strategies to Excel SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've noticed that the SAT Writing section seems to be confusing, that's becauseit's intentionally designed to be that way. But we're going to let you in on something that the College Board doesn't want you to know: there area few key secrets that will help you understand this part of the SAT,and knowing them makes itmuch easier to crack.Read on to learn how to take this section of the SAT into your own hands. In this article, I am going to show you: How the SAT Writing tries to trick you with "normal"-sounding English How the SAT Writing testsunusual grammar and style rules that your English class may not have focused on The top concepts that the SAT Writing testover and over and over again Why this predictability matters and how to use it to your advantage Without further ado, let's dive into one of the number one ways the SAT Writing counts on making you mess up. Everyday English Is a Trap Did you know that the English you speak every day is probably grammatically incorrect?The College Board does,and in fact they were counting on that when they designed the SAT Writing.Each of the sentences below has at least one error. Can you spot them? Kim and me attended the civil rights conference that was held at school today. We discussed the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, debated different modern-day issues, and were talking about freedom of speech. We learned that if someone is different to you, you should respect them for who they are. The SATtests everyday incorrect English to see who knows what "sounds" right, and who actually knows the different grammar rules. There are two main strategies that the test writersuse to do this. The first is that they will give you a deceptively simple-looking sentence that sounds normal but actually has a tricky grammar error. The second is to give you a ridiculously convoluted sentence that hides a simple grammar mistake. They are testing you: can you see through their sentences to the grammatical structures underneath? Let's look at an example. Here is something I recently heard on a well-known televised cooking competition: She sliced the Wellington, and gave it to Nick and I to garnish. Though a lot of people talk this way,it's not correct. Why?"Nick and I" are both objects of the preposition "to", and therefore "I" should be in the objective case- "me". In colloquial English use, you will often hear peoplemisusing pronoun cases. This is one of the many "everyday English" mistakes that the SAT will throw at you. Not sure what a pronoun case is?There’s a guide for that. At other times, the SAT will hide simple grammatical errors in a very wordy sentence. Example The lamb is not properly cooked, and having to apologize to the guests for his mistakes are the most embarrassing thing about participating inHell's Kitchen. If the above sentence just read, "Having to apologize are the most embarrassing thing," most people would immediately spot the error. The SAT adds extra unnecessary phrases and clauses to make these simple error more difficult to spot. Good news! Now that you know the main way that the SAT Writing tries to trick you, you canuse it to your advantage. Remember that you cannot just use your ear to know if a sentence is correct or incorrect. (Unless you have an exceptionally-trained ear, of course! But most people who speak everyday English do not. Remember that the SAT cares about correct grammar over awkwardness.Just because a sentence is phrased very oddly doesn't mean it's incorrect. Look for the same things that you would look for in a more normal-sounding sentence (like subject-verb agreement, pronoun case, etc.) to see if it's grammatically correct. Remember, the SAT doesn't care if something is awkward. This is why it's so important to understand what the SAT thinks is grammatically correct, as opposed to what you think sounds good.Many of these grammar rules you will be familiar with, but other may come as a surprise to you, and that's because... SAT Writing Doesn't Always Test Normal Grammar Rules Some of the rules they test you on seem downright arbitrary, and, in fact, they are. In theory, you will have learned many of the more "normal" rules in your high school English class. As discussed above, though, this doesn't mean that these concepts will be covered in as straightforward a way as you are used to. Other times, however, you will need to learn the SAT's weird "grammar" rules, which mostly focus onstyle, and what the SAT thinks sounds correct!Don't be fooled by these just because they are not the same as what you have covered in class. Here are some of the top stylistic rules the SAT Writing favors: 1. Pronouns must have a clear antecedent. The antecedent is the noun that the pronoun is replacing. On the SAT, the antecedentmust actually be referenced in the same sentence, or a very nearby sentence in the case of Improving Paragraphs. If it not 100% clear - and spelled out - what the pronoun is referring to, it's incorrect in the SAT's eyes. Let's look at an example: Melissa hurried into the theater and tried to find her seat, relieved that it had not already started. Most people would have no trouble understanding this sentence. It's clear from the context that Melissa is relieved that whatever show she is seeing in the theater has not started yet. However, in the SAT's eyes, this sentence would beincorrectbecause we don't have an explicitly-stated antecedent for "it". According to the SAT, the only things that "it" could refer to are either "theater" or "seat" - and neither of those makes sense! 2. Always use "and" instead of other connecting words The SAT Writing also tests you on your ability to state something in themost straightforward and concise way.By their standards, "and" is the most straightforward way to join things together. So, if you see a sentence trying to replace "and" with another connecting word - such as "plus" or "as well as" - it is incorrect. Note that this does not apply to joining independent clauses together for compound sentences. OnlyFANBOYS conjunction can be usedfor that task. Let's look at an example: Amanda took one job in a restaurant plus one in a hotel. This would be consideredincorrect. Instead, try this: Amanda took one job in a restaurantand one in a hotel. 3. Only similar things can be compared We have a whole article on this topic if you want to go into it in more depth. The basic idea is that the SAT only wants you to compare two similar things. Obviously this has nothing to do with being grammatically correct English- it's just the SAT's preference. For example: John's car was newer than Jerry. Grammatically this makes perfect sense: Let's say that Jerry is 30 years old, but John's car is only 5 years old. However, in the SAT's eyes this is a mistake because a car and a person are too dissimilar to be compared. Let's look at another: Kim Kardashian was jealous because her selfies were not as popular as Khloe. Beware of selfie rage. Again, strictly from a grammar point of view, thisis a correct sentence. One might hope that a human being is more popular than a selfie. However, the SAT does not want you to compare Kim's selfies to Khloe; instead, it wants you to compare Kim's selfies to Khloe's selfies. This is how the sentence would look corrected: Kim Kardashian was jealous because her selfies were not as popular as Khloe's selfies. Now we are comparing selfies to selfies, which are two similar things, and therefore this comparison has the SAT's blessing. 4. Don't delete something unless it is redundant This doesn't come up too frequently, but occasionally an Identifying Errors question will give you something like this: As part of his annual payment, he receives a bonus every year. According to the SAT, this kind of redundancy is incorrect. This goes back to our rule of making everything concise as concise as possible - if you have already been told that something happens annually, you don't also need to be told that it happens every year! 5. Be careful ofusing "because" with nouns The SAT Writing will occasionally use two constructions with the word "because", and both of them are considered incorrect. The first is something that has become common slang recently:because + noun For example, to paraphrase a recent Carl's Jr. commercial, We made a disgusting hamburger with a hot dog on top of itbecause America. Better together? This, unfortunately, will never be correct. Similarly, occasionally the SAT will use the following incorrect construction:noun + is because of Let's look at an example: The drought in California is because of the lack of rain. So, how do you make sure you always catch these problems? Whenever you see the word "because", make sure that it is joiningtwo clauses. A clause is something that has both a subject and a verb. Alternately, "because of" can be used as a preposition with a noun object, but in that case make sure that the rest of the sentence makes sense on its own if you get rid of the prepositional phrase! To fix the above sentences, we would say: We made a disgusting hamburger with a hot dog on top of itbecausewe have misunderstood what America needs. Thereisadroughtin Californiabecausewe have had a lack of rain. OR Thereisadrought in Californiabecause of the lack of rain. 6. If more than one answer is grammatically correct, choose the most concise answer that has the fewest extra words. Many students mistakenly think that having more words makes a sentence sound more academic, but this is not the case. The SAT Writing will always be looking to see if you can spot the most direct and concise way of saying something. So when two or more answers are equally grammatically correct, go for the most concise answer. These six rules are important to know, along with the more basic grammar rules that you've learned in school. This is because.... The SAT likes to test the same thing - over and over and over again. Good news! Though the SAT does try to trick you in the ways we discussed above, it'sotherwisevery consistent and easy to predict.It really only focuses on a few different concepts, and will test you on those concepts repeatedly. The below graphs show SAT Writing’s favorite question types grammar rules to test. If you master those main concepts, you will be a step ahead in conquering this section. What does this tell you? Top secrets for Improving Sentences Around ⅙ of the time, the sentences will be correct as is. Many students are afraid to choose this option, or to choose it too often. If you finish this section and you haven’t had any (A) answers, you can assume you probably went wrong somewhere! Over half the questions will test the same four concepts: Wordiness, especially through gerunds, participles, and use of the passive voice. Ifyou see an answer choice that contains a lot of -ing or -ed words, and the same idea is expressed more succinctly and directly in another option, go for the other option. Fixing comma splices, run-ons, or incorrect conjunctions. Therefore, make sure that you understand how to use semicolons to connect two independent clauses instead of commas. Fixing dangling or misplaced modifiers.Whenever you see a clause or phrase describing something, make sure it's next to the thing it’s describing. Using correct parallel structure.If similar ideas can be expressed through similar language, do it! For more information on this, see our guide to parallel structure. What does this tell you? Top secrets for Identifying Errors About ⅙ of the time, the correct answer will be (E), No Error. These questions can occur back to back. Over 25% of the questions are all about verbs: either subject-verb agreement, or correct verb tense/form.Make sure to see our guide all about how verbs are used on the SAT Writing section, and you will be well on your way to understanding this section. One of the other most common mistakes is in pronoun-antecedent agreement.This topic is all about attention to detail - make sure you match up pronouns to what they refer to and check that plural pronouns match with plural nouns. Check out our guide to parts of speech for more info on when to use which pronoun. What does this tell you? Top secrets for Improving Paragraphs Most questions in this section are about how to improve sentences - meaning that you will use the exact same skills that you need for Improving Sentences questions. The other main question types in this section focus on context. In order to understand how to use transitions and where to add or delete info, you need to be able to understand how sentences are working in the paragraph as a whole.This skill is unique to this section of the Writing SAT.For more info about how to master this section, see our guide on how to approach Improving Paragraphs questions. Why does predictability matter? As you have just seen, the SAT writing sectionactually does not cover that many different topics, and very few concepts will be focused on in detail. This means that you canfocus your studying. Especially if you are aiming for a score around 500 - 600, you should focus on learning the most commonly-tested concepts.When you do this, you will soon start to notice that alot of the questions look similar. This is a good thing- it means that you're learning to beat the SAT at its own game! This is why practice is particularly important for this section of the test and can lead to abig score improvement. If you're used to the kinds of questions that you will see over and over, you willimmediately recognize the kind of question you are being presented with. For effective studying, you should work withreal question from past SAT tests.You can find somehere. When you start to notice patterns,write them down.For example, when a question makes a point of mentioning time, it's most likely going to be averb tense question. You will start to notice a lot of patterns like this that will alert you to what kind of question you are getting. This will help you immediately spotwhat the SAT is asking forand will make the questionseasier to answer. Now that you know this, you can... Use the Test to Create Your Strategy Now that you know the SAT writing sectionis going to be very predictable and follow a certain pattern, you can use this fact to your advantage.Create a plan that you can use to attack each question type. Try using the following steps when working on this section of the test: 1. When you read the sentences and answer choices, alwayseliminate any obvious grammar errors first. 2. Next, eliminate any answers that are structurally identical. They can't both be correct, and therefore neither one is correct. 3. Take a closer look at the question, and see if you can find any of themost common errors that the SAT Writing tests.For example, check that subjects and verbs agree, that pronouns have an obvious antecedent that they match in number, that the verb tense is correct, that there are no run-ons, and that parallel structure is used correctly. Going through this list of potential issues will allow you to answerthe vast majority of the questions. 4. If you are still stuck between a few answer choices that both seem grammatically correct,always choose the most concise answer, with the fewest gerunds and extra words. You May Now Dominate the Test Understanding how the test works puts you in a position of power. Get excited - you know the secrets now! Instead of feeling helpless oruncertain about SAT Writing questions, you can confidently attack them, confidentthat you already know everything they're going to ask you. Keep calm and test on. Nerves contribute to careless errors. Because you now know what to expect, you have nothing to fear! What’s next? Now you know what to look for, so go out and conquer the grammar concepts you need to learn. If you want to test yourself, try out some of the most difficult questions you will find on SAT Writing. Aiming for a top score? Read8 key strategies to improve your score, and check out thesetop tips from a perfect scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: